De Morgan algebra


In mathematics, a De Morgan algebra is a structure A = such that:
In a De Morgan algebra, the laws
do not always hold. In the presence of the De Morgan laws, either law implies the other, and an algebra which satisfies them becomes a Boolean algebra.
Remark: It follows that ¬ = ¬x ∧ ¬y, ¬1 = 0 and ¬0 = 1. Thus ¬ is a dual automorphism.
If the lattice is defined in terms of the order instead, i.e. is a bounded partial order with a least upper bound and greatest lower bound for every pair of elements, and the meet and join operations so defined satisfy the distributive law, then the complementation can also be defined as an involutive anti-automorphism, that is, a structure A = such that:
De Morgan algebras were introduced by Grigore Moisil around 1935. although without the restriction of having a 0 and a 1. They were then variously called quasi-boolean algebras in the Polish school, e.g. by Rasiowa and also distributive i-lattices by J. A. Kalman. They have been further studied in the Argentinian algebraic logic school of Antonio Monteiro.
De Morgan algebras are important for the study of the mathematical aspects of fuzzy logic. The standard fuzzy algebra F = , min is an example of a De Morgan algebra where the laws of excluded middle and noncontradiction do not hold.
Another example is Dunn's 4-valued logic, in which false < neither-true-nor-false < true and false < both-true-and-false < true, while neither-true-nor-false and both-true-and-false are not comparable.

Kleene algebra

If a De Morgan algebra additionally satisfies x ∧ ¬x ≤ y ∨ ¬y, it is called a Kleene algebra. This notion has also been called a normal i-lattice by Kalman.
Examples of Kleene algebras in the sense defined above include: lattice-ordered groups, Post algebras and Łukasiewicz algebras. Boolean algebras also meet this definition of Kleene algebra. The simplest Kleene algebra that is not Boolean is Kleene's three-valued logic K3. K3 made its first appearance in Kleene's On notation for ordinal numbers. The algebra was named after Kleene by Brignole and Monteiro.

Related notions

De Morgan algebras are not the only plausible way to generalize Boolean algebras. Another way is to keep ¬x ∧ x = 0 but to drop the law of the excluded middle and the law of double negation. This approach is well-defined even for a semilattice; if the set of semicomplements has a greatest element it is usually called pseudocomplement. If the pseudocomplement satisfies the law of the excluded middle, the resulting algebra is also Boolean. However, if only the weaker law ¬x ∨ ¬¬x = 1 is required, this results in Stone algebras. More generally, both De Morgan and Stone algebras are proper subclasses of Ockham algebras.