The oldest historical records mentioning about the title datuk is the 7th century Srivijayan inscriptions such as Telaga Batu to describe lesser kings or vassalized kings. It was called dātu in Old Malay language to describe regional leader or elder, a kind of chieftain that rules of a collection of kampungs called Kedatuan. The Srivijaya empire was described as a network or mandala that consisted of settlements, villages, and ports each ruled by a datu that vowed their loyalty to the central administration of Srivijayan Maharaja. Unlike the indianized title of raja and maharaja, the term datuk was also found in the Philippines as datu, which suggests its common native Austronesian origin. The term kadatwan or kedatonrefer to the residence of datuk, equivalent with keraton and istana. In later MataramJavanese culture, the term kedaton shifted to refer the inner private compound of the keraton, the residential complex of king and royal family.
Usage
Title of honours
In Brunei and Malaysia, Datuk or Dato is related to each country's orders. In general, it is a title or the prefix of a title given to a person upon being conferred with certain orders of honour. The power to bestow the order, thus the title, lies with the country's sovereign as well as the ceremonial leaders of the states of Malaysia for state orders. The usage of the variant spelling "Datuk" and "Dato" is differentiated in the following manner: "Datuk" is conferred by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Yang di-Pertua Negeri, the non-hereditary Malaysian state leader which is nominated by the state legislature. Meanwhile, "Dato" is conferred by a Sultan, the royal head of Brunei and some Malaysian states, as well as Yamtuan Besar which is the royal head of the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan. A female conferred with the order in her own right may be given with the title in which the word "Datuk" or "Dato" is replaced with "Datin". Nevertheless, a female may still be given the masculine form of the title. The wife of the husband who is conferred with Datuk or Dato is given the title "Datin". However, the husband of the wife who is given such title is not given any Datuk-related title. Some official sources suggest that Datuk or Dato can be considered the equivalent of the title "Sir", which is used by male citizens of the Commonwealth who have received a British knighthood. In 1808 a principal advisor of Sultan Tajuddin of Songkhla in present-day Thailand had an advisor/chancellor by name of Datuk Maharaja. This shows the early use of the title.
Minangkabau tradition
In Indonesia, datuk refers to honorific title of traditional community, especially among Malay and Minangkabau people. It is functioned as a title reserved for community leader that deals with traditions and community affairs. In Minangkabau tradition, Datuk is a traditional, honorary title bestowed on a person by the agreement of a people or tribe in the Minangkabau language, spoken by the Minangkabau people. The title of Datuk was agreed upon by local, traditional leaders. The title engenders great respect, and is only used for Minangkabau men who have become stakeholders of traditional leaders or penghulu for a particular tribe. When the title is bestowed, it is celebrated with a traditional ceremony and a banquet. Unlike other Malay traditions, the title of datuk in Minangkabau is inherited according to the matrilineal system. When a datuk dies his title may pass to his brother or nephew, whoever is closest in the maternal line. If there is no maternal relative, it may be given to another tribal member with the agreement of the tribe. In the tradition of the Toba Batak people, a datu is magician-priest who teach divination and magic via his book the pustaha.
