The Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy model, referred to as the DICE model or Dice model, is a computer-based integrated assessment model developed by 2018 Nobel Laureate William Nordhaus that “integrates in an end-to-end fashion the economics, carbon cycle, climate science, and impacts in a highly aggregated model that allows a weighing of the costs and benefits of taking steps to slow greenhouse warming." Nordhaus also developed the RICE model, a variant of the DICE model that was updated and developed alongside the DICE model. Researchers who collaborated with Nordhaus to develop the model include David Popp, Zili Yang, and Joseph Boyer. The DICE model is one of the three main integrated assessment models used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and it provides estimates intermediate between the other two models.
History
Precursors
According to a summary of the DICE and RICE models prepared by Stephen Newbold, the earliest precursor to DICE was a linear programming model of energy supply and demand in two 1977 papers of William Nordhaus. Although dynamic the model did not attempt to measure the economic impact of climate change. A 1991 paper by Nordhaus developed a steady-state model of both the economy and climate, coming quite close to the DICE model.
The model
The model appears to have first been proposed by economist William Nordhaus in a discussion paper for the Cowles Foundation in February 1992. He also wrote a brief note outlining the main ideas in an article for Science in November 1992. A subsequent revised model was published in Resource and Energy Economics in 1993. Nordhaus published an improved version of the model in the October 1994 book Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change, with the first chapter as well as an appendix containing a computer program both freely available online. Marian Radetzki reviewed the book for The Energy Journal. In 1996, Nordhaus and Zili Yang published an article titled A regional dynamic general-equilibrium model of alternative climate-change strategies at The American Economic Review, established the RICE model.. In 1998, Nordhaus published a revised version of the DICE model in multiple papers, one of which was coauthored with Joseph Boyer in order to understand the effects of the proposed Kyoto Protocol. In 1999, Nordhaus published computer programs and spreadsheets implementing a revised version of the DICE model as well as a variant called the RICE model. In 2000, Nordhaus and Boyer co-authored a book published by MIT Press titled Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming with a detailed description of the updated DICE and RICE models. In 2001, Nordhaus published revised spreadsheets for the RICE model. In November 2006, Nordhaus published a new version of the DICE model with updated data, and used it to review the Stern Review. In 2010, updated RICE and DICE models were published, and the new RICE model was explained by Nordhaus in an article for the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In 2013, the book The Climate Casino by Nordhaus, with updated discussion of the DICE and RICE models and the broader policy implications, was published by Yale University Press. A background on the latest version of the models as used in the book was published on Nordhaus' website.
Reception
Academic reception
A number of variants of the DICE model have been published by researchers working separately from Nordhaus. The DICE model is also included in advanced university coursework related to environmental and energy economics and climate change.
