Crime in Tuvalu
Crime in Tuvalu is not a significant social problem due to an effective criminal justice system and also due to the influence of the social institutions of Tuvalu, which include the Falekaupule and the central role of religious institutions in the Tuvaluan community. The Falekaupule continues to play an important role in Tuvaluan society, as the islands of Tuvalu have small communities living in villages. The largest community is on Funafuti atoll, the capital of Tuvalu, with 4,492 residents in the 2002 census.
The social problems that exist in large societies, such as violent crime, illegal substance abuse and child prostitution, do not exist in Tuvalu. Murders are rare, with only 2 since independence in 1978.
Tuvalu has a police service and an island based Magistrates Court system. Serious offences, such as rape and murder, are dealt with in the High Court of Tuvalu.
Social institutions of Tuvalu
Each island has its own high-chief, or ulu-aliki, and several sub-chiefs. The community council is the Falekaupule or te sina o fenua. As defined in the Falekaupule Act, Falekaupule means "traditional assembly in each island...composed in accordance with the Aganu of each island". Aganu means traditional customs and culture.Section 41 and Schedule 3 of the Falekaupule Act provides that “t shall be the duty of every Falekaupule and of every Kaupule to use its resources to assist the police in the detection and prevention of crime within the area of its authority.”
The ulu-aliki and aliki exercise informal authority on each island. Ulu-aliki are always chosen based on ancestry. Their powers are now shared with the pule o kaupule.
The Criminal Law of Tuvalu
The Penal Code was first enacted during the time that Tuvalu was part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. The Code is drafted to provide the complete criminal code of Tuvalu, although the Code is supplemented by offences created in other legislation including the Dangerous Drugs Act, Alcoholic Drink Act, Arms and Ammunition Act and the Counter Terrorism and Transnational Organised Crime Act. The Criminal Procedure Code provides for powers of arrest and search and rule for the administration of the criminal proceedings in the courts. In 2014, the Penal Code was amended to reduce the penalty for murder from life imprisonment to a minimum 15 years with the court having the discretion to impose a sentence of over 15 years.While human trafficking is not a problem in Tuvalu, the Counter Terrorism and Transnational Organised Crime Act 2009 provides protection for trafficking victims, particularly children. It expressly forbids the trafficking of children into and within Tuvalu or to another country for any purpose. It also provides trafficking victims with legal protections from criminal prosecution. The Penal Code provides for an offence of cruelty to children in section 226.
The central role of religious institutions in the Tuvaluan community is acknowledged in the Constitution of Tuvalu, in which the preamble to refers to Tuvaluan society being based on Christian principles:-
Part XV of the Penal Code creates offences relating to religion: insult to religion of any class ; disturbing religious assemblies ; trespassing on burial places ; hindering burial of dead body, etc. ; and writing or uttering words with intent to wound religious feelings. As well, sorcery is an offence under section 183.
The legislation that is part of the Law of Tuvalu is published online by the Office of the Attorney General of Tuvalu; also by the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, with the law set out in the 2008 Revised Edition; with a list of current legislation.
Tuvalu Police Service
Tuvalu’s national police force, the Tuvalu Police Service, is headquartered in Funafuti. It includes a maritime surveillance unit, customs, prisons and immigration. Police officers wear British style uniforms. The police have a Pacific-class patrol boat, the HMTSS Te Mataili, provided by Australia in October 1994 under the Pacific Patrol Boat Program for use in maritime surveillance and fishery patrol and for search-and-rescue missions.- The police service is managed in accordance with the Police Powers and Duties Act and the Police Powers and Duties Regulations.
- Powers of arrest and search are described in Part III of the Criminal Procedure Code.
The People's Lawyer in Tuvalu
- The services of the People's Lawyer is managed under the People’s Lawyer Act and the People's Lawyer Regulations.
| Name | Term |
| Ross Jack | c. 1985-1986 |
| Alan Marsh | c. 1986-1988 |
| Graham Rounce | c. 1988-1990 |
| Paul Barber | c. 1990-1993 |
| Philip Ells | c. 1993-1996 |
| Nicholas Barnes | c. 1997-1998 |
| James Duckworth | c. 1999-2004 |
| Steve Barlow | c. 2005-2007 |
| Joelle Grover | c. 2007-2009 |
| Isala T. Isala | c. 2010-2015 |
| Filiga Taukiei Niko | c. 2015- |
Magistrates Court and High Court
The jurisdiction of the Magistrates Court is described in Part II of the Criminal Procedure Code ; any offence may be tried by the Senior Magistrate's Court where the penalty does not exceed a term of imprisonment for a term of 14 years. However the sentences the Senior Magistrate's Court may impose are limited to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years and a fine not exceeding $1,000.The superior court is the High Court of Tuvalu as it has unlimited jurisdiction to try criminal offences and to impose the penalties set out in the Part VI of the Penal Code and in other legislation. The High Court also hears appeals from the Magistrates Court.
The criminal justice system is administered under the provisions of:
- The Constitution of Tuvalu, the Criminal Procedure Code, the Magistrates’ Courts Act and the Magistrates’ Courts Rules.
- Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act and the Proceeds of Crime Act.
- Sentencing of convicted offenders is addressed in Part VI of the Penal Code and the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act.
Tuvalu’s prison
The United States Department of State provide periodic reports as to aspects of human rights practice in Tuvalu including information on the prison system:
- As of October 2010 Tuvalu’s jail held 7 convicted prisoners and one pretrial detainee, all male. The pretrial detainee was held in a separate facility from the prisoners. At that time there were no juvenile offenders in custody.
- As of December 2012 Tuvalu’s jail held 12 convicted prisoners. There were no juvenile offenders or pretrial detainees.
- As of September 2013 Tuvalu’s jail held 8 convicted prisoners, all men.
- As of August 2014 Tuvalu’s jail held 11 convicted prisoners, all men.
Crimes against morality including rape and unlawful sexual intercourse
Domestic violence is considered in Tuvalu’s 2009 Report on compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. The Report said that “Committee’s experts expressed concern over the sanctioning of local custom in the Constitution and legal system, noting, for example, that husbands were permitted to ‘discipline’ their wives ”. As many Tuvaluan families have migrated to New Zealand these practices are in direct conflict with New Zealand’s laws and social environment.
The United States Department of State provide periodic reports as to aspects of human rights practice in Tuvalu including information on rape and domestic violence:
- In 2010 there were both arrests and trials for rape-related offenses. The High Court convicted one defendant of rape and sentenced him to seven years' imprisonment. A second rape case was scheduled for trial in March 2011.
- In 2012 one case of attempted rape was prosecuted. There were also five sexual assault cases, one case of defilement, and three cases of indecent assault.
- In 2013 there were prosecutions of two sexual assault cases, one case of defilement, and one case of indecent assault.
In July 2013 the Pacific Regional Rights Resource Team of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community published drafting options for legislative reform to assist Tuvalu to make changes to the laws and policies relating to violence against women in order to ensure the full protection of women from all forms of violence. The Tuvalu National Council of Women, operates a Women’s Crisis Center, in Funafuti, which provided counselling services, but there were no shelters or hotlines for abused women.
The U.S. Department of State’s Report on Human Rights Practices for 2014 stated that the Tuvaluan police have a Domestic Violence Unit and a “no-drop” prosecution policy in cases of violence against women and operated a 24-hour emergency line for victims of domestic violence. As of August 2014 the police reported 100 domestic violence cases.
Crime and offences statistics
The Tuvalu Central Statistics Division has published crime and offences statistics for the period 1996-2003. The population of Tuvalu was 9,561 at the 2002 census. The statistics are limited to crimes reported, so that they do not identify the number of subsequent prosecutions or convictions; nor do the statistics, in relation to crimes against persons, differentiate between common assaults and the more serious offences against a person. The crime and offences statistics as of 2003 are:| Type of offence reported | Number of reported offences |
| Total number of crimes reported | 2,345 |
| Number of crimes against persons reported | 1,666 |
| Number of crimes against property reported | 591 |
| Number of crimes without victims reported | 0 |
| Number of other crimes reported | 88 |