Counts of Tusculum The counts of Tusculum were the most powerful secular noblemen in Latium , near Rome , in present-day Italy between the 10th and 12th centuries . Several popes and an antipope during the 11th century came from their ranks. They created and perfected the political formula of noble-papacy, wherein the pope was arranged to be elected only from the ranks of the Roman nobles. The, the period of influence by powerful female members of the family, also influenced papal history .The counts of Tusculum remained arbiters of Roman politics and religion for more than a century. In addition to the papal influence, they held lay power through consulships and senatorial membership. Traditionally they were pro-Byzantine and anti-German in their political affiliation . After 1049, the Tusculan Papacy came to an end with the appointment of Pope Leo IX . In fact, the Tusculan papacy was largely responsible for the reaction known as the Gregorian reform . Subsequent events confirmed a shift in regional politics as the counts came to side with the Holy Roman Emperors against the Rome of the reformers. In 1059 the papal-decree of Pope Nicholas II established new rules for the papal election , therefore putting an end to the noble-papacy formula.Counts and their titles This list is partially incomplete in the tenth century and the chronology and dates of the various countships are often uncertain. They were only counts from about 1013, lords before. before 924 Theophylact I until 924 Alberic I , consul son-in-law 924–954 Alberic II , son before 1013 Gregory I , son '' until 1012 Theophylact II , son of Gregory I 1012–1024 Romanus , brother of Theophylact II and son of Gregory I 1024–1032 Alberic III , brother of Theophylact II and Romanus; 1032–1045 Theophylact III son of Alberic III 1044–1058 Gregory II ,, son of Alberic III 1058 – c. 1108 Gregory III , son of Gregory II c. 1108 – 1126 Ptolemy I , son Gregory III; 1126–1153 Ptolemy II , son of Ptolemy I; 1153 – c. 1167 Jonathan , co-ruler with Raino son of Ptolemy II; 1153–1179 Raino, brother of Jonathan, co-ruler with Jonathan.Tusculan popes John XI , son of Alberic I, pope 931–935 John XII son of Alberic II, pope 955–964 Benedict VII, nephew of Alberic II, pope 974–983 Benedict VIII, son of Gregory I, pope 1012–1024 John XIX, son of Gregory I, pope 1024–1032 Benedict IX, son of Alberic III, pope 1032–1048 Benedict X, antipope 1058–1059Successors According to tradition, the successors of the Tusculum counts were the Colonna family , founded by Peter, son of Gregory II and called Peter "de Columna" from his fief of Colonna , east of Rome.
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