Colexification
Colexification, together with its associated verb colexify, are terms used in semantics and lexical typology. It refers to the case when a language expresses different meanings using the same word.
Definition
Colexification describes the case when different meanings can be expressed by the same word in a language. For example, the two senses which are distinguished in English as time and weather are colexified in French, which uses le temps in both cases.Colexification is meant as a neutral, descriptive term that avoids distinguishing between vagueness, polysemy, and homonymy. Some cases of colexification are common across the world ; others are typical of certain linguistic and cultural areas.
Examples of colexification
| Language | Word form | sense 1 | sense 2 | sense 3 |
| Basque | :wikt:herri#Basque|herri | ‘village’ | ‘people’ | ‘country’ |
| Spanish | :wikt:pueblo#Spanish|pueblo | ‘village’ | ‘people’ | |
| Catalan | :wikt:sentir#Catalan|sentir | ‘feel’ | ‘hear’ | |
| French | :wikt:femme#French|femme | ‘woman’ | ‘wife’ | |
| French | :wikt:grand#French|grand | ‘large’ | ‘tall ’ | ‘grown up ’ |
| English | :wikt:uncle#English|uncle | ‘mother's brother’ | ‘father's brother’ | ‘aunt's husband’ |
| English | :wikt:draw#English|draw | ‘pull, drag’ | ‘depict w/ lines’ | |
| Kriol | :wikt:gilim#Kriol|gilim | ‘hit’ | ‘kill’ | |
| Russian | :wikt:мир#Russian|мир mir | ‘peace’ | ‘world’ | |
| Chinese | :wikt:天#Chinese|天 tiān | ‘sky’ | ‘heaven’ | ‘day’ |
| Japanese | :wikt:木#Japanese|木 ki | ‘tree’ | ‘wood’ | |
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Use in linguistic studies
The term was coined by linguist Alexandre François in his [|2008 article] “Semantic maps and the typology of colexification”. This article illustrated the notion with various examples, including the semantic domains of,,. The latter notion is at the source of a colexification network that is attested in several languages, linking together such senses as ‘breath’, ‘life’, ‘soul’, ‘spirit’, ‘ghost’...: Skr. :wikt:आत्मन्#Sanskrit|आत्मन् ātmán; Anc. Gk :wikt:ψυχή#Ancient Greek|ψυχή, :wikt:πνεῦμα#Ancient Greek|πνεῦμα; Lat. :wikt:animus#Latin|animus, :wikt:spiritus#Latin|spīritus; Arab. :wikt:روح#Arabic|روح rūḥ, etc. François built on this example to propose a method for constructing lexical semantic maps.Several studies have taken up the concept of colexification, applying it to different semantic domains and various language families.
Colexification is also the object of a dedicated database known as “Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications”. Based on data from more than 2400 language varieties of the world, the database makes it possible to check the typological frequency of individual instances of colexification, and to visualize semantic networks based on empirical data from the world's languages.