Climate of Spain
The climate in Spain varies across continental Spain. Spain is the most climatically diverse country in Europe with 13 different Köppen climates, excluding the Canary Islands, and is within the 10 most climatically diverse countries in the world. Five main climatic zones can be distinguished, according to the country's Köppen-Geiger climate classification and orographic conditions:
- The hot-summer Mediterranean climate which is also characterized by dry and warm/hot summers and cool to mild and wet winters. According to the Köppen climate classification, this climate is dominant on the Iberian Peninsula, particularly the variety with summer droughts, covering all but the far northern part of the country where the Oceanic climate predominates. The hot-summer Mediterranean climate is further divided into the "Standard Mediterranean" of lowland regions and "Continentalized Mediterranean" of the interior, according to altitude and the mildness or harshness of the winter season. The Standard Mediterranean covers coastal areas the Guadalquivir river basin and the lower reaches of the Tagus and Guadiana basins to the west of the country. The Continentalized Mediterranean climate predominates in Spain's vast table lands, Meseta Central, of the interior.
- The warm-summer Mediterranean climate which predominates in parts of northwestern Spain and mostly inland in central-northern Spain at altitudes above 900-1000 masl.
- The oceanic climate '' is located in the northern part of the country, especially in the regions of Galicia, Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria, and Navarre. This region has regular snowfall in the winter months.
- The semiarid climate is predominant in the south eastern part of the country and in the middle reaches of the Ebro valley to the north east, reaching as far west as southern Navarre. It is also present in large areas of the central table lands and some of the driest areas of Extremadura. In contrast to the Mediterranean climate, the dry season continues beyond the end of summer and the vegetation is less dense.
- The warm-summer continental climate which can be found in many areas in north-eastern Spain, in areas starting with altitudes above 1000-1100 masl. It can be found also in some areas in the Cantabrian Mountains and the highest areas of the Sistema Ibérico mountain range in central-eastern Spain.
Hot Summer Typical Mediterranean climate
The Csa hot-summer Mediterranean climate is found on most of the Mediterranean coast of Spain starting from the border with Portugal to the border with France, with a few exceptions. It also extends inland in Andalusia and Extremadura. It is characterized by hot dry summers and mild winters with infrequent frosts in inland locations with this climate. The summers are hot, the winters are mild and most of precipitation falls in the autumn. Examples of cities with Csa climate are Málaga, Valencia, Palma or Seville.Warm Summer Mediterranean climate
The Csb warm-summer Mediterranean climate is found in Galicia and the western areas of Castilla y Leon. Coastal Mediterranean region is marked by Leveche winds: hot, dry, easterly or southeasterly air currents that originate over North Africa. Periods of these winds, which sometimes carry fine Saharan dust, are more common in spring and are associated with a sudden, usually short-lived, increase in temperature. A cooler easterly wind, the Levante, funnels between the Sistema Penibetico and the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. These easterly winds are the ones which most influence the Mediterranean climate. The most populous city with Csb climate in Spain is Vigo. Other cities with this climate are Ávila, León or Salamanca.Inland Hot and Warm Summer Mediterranean climates
The inland areas of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Central Plateau, have a Csa or Csb Mediterranean climates with greater seasonal differences than the coast. The summers are usually hotter than in the coast, regularly exceeding. By contrast, there are low temperatures in winter, from cool to cold winters, with temperatures below not being uncommon. At cities with altitude above 1000m like Álava or Segovia, the temperatures under are not uncommon, dropping up to or more during Arctic cold waves. The cold increases the higher the altitude is. These are often accompanied by moderate snowfall. Although it rarely rains during summer, there is often heavy rainfall in spring and autumn. Cities with this climate are Madrid, Ciudad Real, Logroño, and Ávila.Oceanic climate
An oceanic climate prevails from the Pyrenees to the Asturias, area which incorporating Galicia is sometimes called "Green Spain", characterized by relatively mild winters and warm summers. The climate and landscape are determined by the Atlantic Ocean winds whose moisture gets trapped by the mountains circumventing the Spanish Atlantic coast. Because of the Foehn effect, the southern slopes fall inside the rain shadow zone and so Green Spain contrasts starkly with the rest of Spain. Besides both the winters and the summers remain much warmer than many comparable North-west European regions. The rainfall is generally abundant, exceeding and is fairly evenly spread out over the year, with the driest month above, which is the minimum criteria for an oceanic climate according to Köppen. Although Köppen officially limits the oceanic domain to the Asturias and the Basque Country region, certain authors such as Trewartha prefer to extend this climatic zone to the north-west part of the peninsula to Galicia, due to the moderate summer temperatures.Temperatures vary only slightly, both on a diurnal and a seasonal basis, and averages range from in January to in July. The moderating effects of the sea are less prominent further inland, where temperatures are more extreme than those on the coast. Distance from the Atlantic Ocean also has an effect on precipitation levels, so there is less rainfall in the east than in the west. Autumn is the wettest season, while July is the driest month. The high humidity and the prevailing off-shore winds make fog and mist common along the north west coast; this phenomenon is less frequent a short distance inland because the mountains form a barrier to the maritime moisture.
Galician variant
The Galician climate is similar to that of the coastal areas of Oregon, Washington and Vancouver but with much warmer winters. It is characterised by year-round mild temperatures with drier summer months, often resulting in moderate drought conditions with at least one month per year usually recording less than. This is a characteristic which distinguishes Galicia from a typical Cfb climate. Annual rainfall is higher than in the eastern and southern regions, usually ranging from. This climate, which is sometimes classified as "Mediterranean", is classified as "Oceanic" according to other authors such as Trewartha, due to the lower summer temperatures and higher rainfall. Nonetheless, the area displays typical Mediterranean features, including regular forest fires, which are often started deliberately by arsonists. Galicia has high annual sunshine hours, ranging from 1800 hours in the north east to 2200 in the south west.In North-West Castilla, the climate is classified also as Csb because the temperatures of summer are cooler due to the altitude.
Humid subtropical climate
The humid subtropical climate exists in large areas of north-eastern Spain, mostly in the northern half of Catalonia and the province of Huesca. This climate is also found across northern Navarra and the northern areas of the province of Guadalajara. The largest city with this climate in Spain is Barcelona.Hot and Cold Semiarid climates
The semiarid climate is predominant in south-eastern Spain, and in certain parts of the Ebro Valley. It is also present in parts of the centre, south and west of the country which borders between a Mediterranean and semi-arid climate. It is very hot during the summer and the drought usually extends into the autumn.Desert climate
The desert climate exists in a few zones of the south-eastern coast of Spain and in eastern parts of the Canary Islands. Within mainland Spain, it appears predominantly in Almería, with the city of Almería falling under the hot desert climate categorization as the average temperature is 19.1 °C and the average precipitation is approximately 200mm. This area extends to the Andarax and Almanzora river valleys and the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, which are also known for having also a hot desert climate, with a precipitation amount of per year which is reportedly the driest place in Europe. The desert climate exists in other areas of the southeast, such as the Tabernas Desert, which has an annual average temperature of 17.9 °C placing it just 0.1 °C below under the categorization of hot desert climate, so it has a cold desert climate. It also exists in areas of Murcia and specific points inland of the province of Alicante.Other types
Besides the above three major climate zones, there are four other climate types in Spain:- The mountainous climate is present in the Picos de Europa, Sistema Central, Sistema Ibérico, Pyrenees and Sierra Nevada, qualified as an Alpine climate, Spain's major mountain systems.
- The low-lying areas of the Canary Islands have a tropical climate in terms of temperature, this being mild and stable throughout the year. Most of the islands have hot desert climates or hot semi-arid climates, and a low altitude areas have tropical semi-arid climates, like the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria or La Palma which surpass in the coldest month, meeting the requeriments for tropical climates under the Köppen climate classification. In terms of precipitation, the eastern islands are semiarid while the westernmost ones receive more rainfall, with some very wet areas in the mountains of La Gomera, La Palma and Tenerife, home to the cloud forest known as laurisilva. The easternmost islands are arid with Saharan climate moderated by the Atlantic Ocean.
Parts of the south East coast also have a Hot Arid climate, with annual average temperatures above 18 °C and annual rainfall below 200mm. Almeria province is the only area in Europe within this climatic zone.
Temperature averages for Spanish mainland cities
Atlantic (Northern) Spain
Continental Spain
Mediterranean Spain
Temperature averages for Spanish non-mainland cities
| Location | Coldest month | April | Warmest month | October |
| El Hierro Airport | ||||
| Gran Canaria | ||||
| La Laguna | ||||
| Los Cancajos | ||||
| Santa Cruz |
| Location | Coldest month | April | Warmest month | October |
| Ibiza | ||||
| Palma | ||||
| Menorca Airport |
Extreme temperature records in selected cities
The records of temperatures in Spain have been, in Lago Estangento in the Pyrenees for the coldest, for the hottest in Seville and Écija.| Location | Record highs | Record lows |
| Mediterranean | ||
| Murcia | — | |
| Seville | ||
| Cordoba | ||
| Málaga | — | |
| Granada | ||
| Continental Climate | ||
| Zaragoza | ||
| Valladolid | ||
| Teruel | ||
| Albacete | — | |
| Northern Atlantic coast | ||
| Bilbao |
Sea temperatures
Sea temperature
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |