lies in the mid-temperate zone and, although the province is almost surrounded by water, the climate is closer to continental rather than maritime. The temperature extremes of the continental climate are moderated by the ocean. Nova Scotia has frequent coastal fog and marked changeability of weather from day to day. The main factors influencing Nova Scotia's climate are:
The effects of the westerly winds
The interaction between three main air masses which converge on the east coast
Nova Scotia's location on the routes of the major eastward-moving storms
The moderating influence of the sea.
Described on the provincial vehicle-licence plate as Canada's Ocean Playground, the sea is a major influence on Nova Scotia's climate. Nova Scotia's cold winters and warm summers are modified and generally moderated by ocean influences. The province is surrounded by four major bodies of water, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the north, the Bay of Fundy to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southwest, and Atlantic Ocean to the southeast.
Temperature and precipitation
Temperature and precipitation vary marginally from one end of the province to the other, as illustrated by the following graphs. They show Yarmouth, Halifax and Sydney representing the southwestern, central and northeastern extremes, respectively. Temperatures at the southern end of the province are moderated by oceanic currents, whereas the northern end is influenced by the colder waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Though milder, and with less winter precipitation, the southeastern end has more fog.
Temperature
While the constant temperature of the Atlantic Ocean moderates the climate of the south and east coasts of Nova Scotia, heavy ice build-up in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence makes winters colder in northern Nova Scotia; the shallowness of the Gulf's waters mean that they warm up more than the Atlantic Ocean in the summer, warming the summers in northern Nova Scotia. Summer unofficially lasts from the first Sunday in April to the Saturday before the last Sunday in October. Although Nova Scotia has a somewhat moderated climate, there have been some very intense heatwaves and cold snaps recorded over the past 160 years. The highest temperature ever recorded in the province was 38.3 °C on August 19, 1935, at Collegeville, which is located about 15 km southwest of Antigonish. The coldest temperature ever recorded was −41.1 °C on January 31, 1920, at Upper Stewiacke. The highest temperature ever recorded in Halifax was 37.2 °C on July 10, 1912, and the lowest was −29.4 °C on Feb 18, 1922. For Sydney, the highest temperature ever recorded was 36.7 °C on August 18, 1935, and the lowest was −31.7 °C on January 31, 1873, and January 29, 1877. The annual temperatures are:
Spring from to
Summer from to
Autumn about to
Winter about to
Due to the ocean's moderating effect, Nova Scotia, on average, is the warmest of the provinces in Canada, owing primarily to the milder winter temperatures experienced in Nova Scotia compared to the rest of Canada.
Rainfall
All of Nova Scotia has precipitation well distributed around the year, with a slight summer maximum in some northern/interior areas, but a slight fall to early winter maximum in southern and coastal areas, where July or August is the driest month on average. Fall and winter storms, arriving in or near Nova Scotia from the U.S. Northeast, can attain tremendous intensity across coastal areas, resulting in high winds, heavy rain, ice or snow and sometimes all of the above in a single storm. Average annual precipitation changes from in the south with its intense cold-season storm activity, to elsewhere. In the northeast, Sydney is an especially wet area, with an average annual precipitation of nearly 60 inches, with a noticeable fall to early winter concentration, and December the wettest month on average. Nova Scotia is also very foggy in places, with Halifax averaging 121 foggy days per year and Yarmouth 191.
Storms
Because Nova Scotia juts out into the Atlantic, it is prone to intense cold-season storms arriving from the Northeastern United States, and occasional tropical storms and hurricanes in late summer and autumn. However, due to the relatively cooler waters off the coast of Nova Scotia, tropical storms are usually weak by the time they reach Nova Scotia. Even where a storm retains much of its strength, as with Hurricane Arthur, it is most often extratropical by the time it makes landfall on Nova Scotia. Altogether there have been 34 such storms, including 13 hurricanes, since records were kept in 1871 – about once every four years. In addition, at least one of these hurricanes made landfall at Category 2 intensity. The most destructive hurricanes were Hurricane Ginny in 1963, Hurricane Juan in 2003 and Hurricane Dorian in 2019 which caused damage in the Halifax area. Very high winds are frequently experienced in Grand Étang in northern Nova Scotia, which result from the effect of low mountains on southeasterly winds. They are known as Suetes.
