With the outbreak of the First World War Godwin, in December 1914, returned to being a Brigade Major and his brigade was sent to the Western Front. The following year he returned to the General Staff as GSO1, with the rank of temporary lieutenant-colonel a position he held until 1917. In January 1916, he was promoted to a brevet lieutenant-colonel. In 1917 Godwin was sent to the Middle East to fight in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, giving command of the British yeomanry6th Mounted Brigade, with the temporary rank of brigadier-general that September. In December he was awarded a Distinguished Service Order, The commendation for the award read; "For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He attacked and captured an enemy position in the face of heavy shell, machinegun and rifle fire. Later, he directed the attack by his brigade on a strong enemy position, and by his skill and determination contributed largely to the success of the operation". He was also awarded a bar to the DSO in January 1918. He was soon after in May 1918, promoted to brevet colonel but still a temporary brigadier-general. In May 1918 he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, and returned to the General Staff that October. During the campaign Godwin's brigade had taken part in the advance on Jerusalem, the capture of Damascus and the battle of Aleppo.
Post war
With the end of the war Godwin and his troops remained in Syria attached to North Force until 1920. He was then once again assigned to the General Staff GSO1, and reverted to his brevet rank of colonel in February 1920. However he was promoted to substantive colonel in April that year. He returned to India in January 1921 and, with the rank of colonel commandant, was again given his own command, the 5th Indian Cavalry Brigade and the Secunderabad Garrison. That August he was also appointed as Aide-de-camp to King George V. In December 1923, he was promoted to major-general, and in December the next year made Major-General Cavalry attached to the Indian Army Headquarters. In April 1924 the King approved Godwin's appointment as Colonel of the 11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry which had been formed in 1921, by the amalgamation of his old regiment the 23rd Cavalry with the 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry . His next appointment was in January 1927, was he became the Commandant of the Indian Army's Staff College, Quetta. He was given command of the Peshwar District in 1927, with promotion to lieutenant-general in December 1929. He was transferred to the unemployed list in December 1930. For operations on the North West Frontier in between 23 April and 12 September 1930, he was mentioned in dispatches by the then Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army Field Marshal William Birdwood. Sir Charles retired from the army in 1932.