Chamdo languages
The Chamdo languages are a group of recently discovered, closely related Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Chamdo Prefecture, Tibet. Their position within the Sino-Tibetan language family is currently uncertain.Languages
The Chamdo languages are:
- Lamo, gSerkhu
- Larong
- Drag-yab
Lexical comparison
Nyima &; Suzuki (2019)
Lexical comparisons of numerals in four Chamdo languages from Nyima & Suzuki :
| Gloss | Larong | Drag-yab | gSerkhu | Lamo |
| one | ˊte khɯ | ˊtɛ | ˊtɕɛ | ˉdə |
| two | ˊne | ˊne | ˊna | ˉna |
| three | ˊsɔ̃ | ˊsɔ̃ | ˊsɔ̃ | ˉsɔ̰̃ |
| four | ˊɣə | ˉʑe | ˊli | ˉlə̰ |
| five | ˉŋa | ˊŋɑ | ˊɴɑ | ˉɴwə̰˞ |
| six | ˊtɕhu | ˉntɕho | ˊtɕhu | ˊtɕi |
| seven | ˊn̥i | ˉȵ̊e | ˊȵ̊ɛ | ˉn̥i |
| eight | ˊɕe | ˉɕe | ˊɕɛ | ˉɦdʑə |
| nine | ˊɦgɯ | ˉɴɢo | ˊku | ˉŋgo |
| ten | ˉʔa qõ | ˊɦa̰ qo | ˉχɑ | |
| eleven | ˉʔa’ tə | ˊɦa̰ tɛ | ˉhtɕo htɕiʔ | |
| twelve | ˉʔa’ ne | ˊɦa̰ ne | ˉhtɕo ɦȵi | |
| thirteen | ˉʔɔ’ sɔ̃ | ˊɦa̰ sɔ̃ | ˉhtɕu hsɔ̃ | |
| fourteen | ˉʔɔ’ ɣə | ˊɦa̰ ʑe | ˉhtɕʉ ɦʑə | |
| fifteen | ˉʔɑ’ ɴɑ | ˊɦa̰ ɴɑ̰ | ˉhtɕɛ ɦŋa | |
| sixteen | ˉʔo’ tɕhu | ˊɦa̰ntɕho | ˉhtɕu ʈuʔ | |
| seventeen | ˉʔɔ’ ȵ̊e | ˊɦa̰ȵ̊e | ˉhtɕu ɦdʉ̃ | |
| eighteen | ˉʔɔ’ ɕɛ | ˊɦa̰ ɕe | ˉhtɕu ɦdʑɛʔ | |
| nineteen | ˉʔɛ’ ɴɢə | ˊɦa̰ɴɢo | ˉhtɕu ɦgu | |
| twenty | ˉnɑ | ˊnɑ | ˊȵi ɕu | |
Suzuki & Nyima (2018)
Suzuki & Nyima provide the following lexical items for Lamo, Larong, and Drag-yab.
The lexical data below is based on the following dialects.
- Kyilwa 格瓦 dialect of Lamo
- Tangre Chaya 达日 and Phagpa 坝巴 dialects of Larong
- Razi 热孜 dialect of Drag-yab
;Cognates
| no. | gloss | Lamo | Larong | Drag-yab |
| 1 | bitter | qa˥ qʰɛ˥ | n̥tsʰə˥ | tsʰə˥ |
| 2 | cry | qo˧˥ | qo̰˧˥ | qə˧˥ |
| 3 | earth | ndzɔ̰˧˥ | ndzɑ˧˥ | ndza˧˥ |
| 4 | eat | ndzə˥ | ndzə˥ | ndzə˥ |
| 5 | house | tɕi˥ | tɕo˥ | tɕẽ˧˥ |
| 6 | blood | se˥ | se˥ | sɛ˥ |
| 7 | needle | ʁɑ˧˥ | ʁɑ˧˥ | ʁɑ˧˥ |
| 8 | cow | ŋʉ˧˥ | ŋʉ˧˥ | ŋu˧˥ |
| 9 | wait | ɦlḭ˥ | ɦle˥ | ɦli˥ |
| 10 | horse | re˧˥ | re˥ | re˧˥ |
| 11 | salt | tsʰo˥ | n̥tsʰə˥ | tsʰə˥ |
| 12 | six | tɕi˧˥ | tɕʰu˧˥ | tɕʰu˥ |
| 13 | meat | tɕʰi˧˥ | ɲtɕʰi˥ | ɲ̥tɕʰə˧˥ |
| 14 | you | nə˥ | ɲe˥ | ɲa˥ |
| 15 | seven | n̥i˥ | n̥i˧˥ | ɲ̥e˥ |
| 16 | hand | lu˧˥ | ndi˥ | nde˧˥ |
| 17 | butter | jwɚ̰˥ | wa˥ | we˧˥ |
| 18 | head | wɔ̰˥ | wɔ̰˥ | ʁo̰˧˥ |
| 19 | eye | məʔ˥ do˧ | ɦɲi˥ | ɲə˥ |
| 20 | nose | n̥ʉ˥ | ɲ̥u˥ | n̥a˥ rə˧ |
| 21 | tongue | ʰl̥ə˥ | ndə̰˥ | mda˧˥ |
| 22 | tooth | xʉ˧˥ | ʰl̥i˧˥ | xɯ˧˥ |
| 23 | milk | χɔ̰˧˥ | ʰl̥ɔ̰˥ | χl̥ɔ̰˧ |
| 24 | moon | le˥ | ɦli˥ | ɦla̰˧ jḭ˧ |
;Non-cognates
| no. | gloss | Lamo | Larong | Drag-yab |
| 25 | mouth | ɲ̥tɕʰu˥ to˧ | mu˧˥ | ɕi˧˥ |
| 26 | foot | siʔ˥ ka˧ | ŋɡɯ˧˥ | pʰə˥ ndɯ˧ |
| 27 | liver | se˥ | je˥ | ɲ̥tɕʰĩ˥ mbi˧ |
| 28 | laugh | ɦɡɛ | n̥tsʰə˧˥ | ʁə˥ |
| 29 | sleep | nə˥ ɦgɯ˧ | jṵ˧˥ | nə˧˥ mḛ˧ |
| 30 | child | no˥ no˧ | n̥tʰe˥ | ɲa˧˥ |
| 31 | take | le˧˥ | ɣi˧˥ | tɕʰõ˥ |
| 32 | search | xɯ˥ | ɦzɔ̃˥ | ɲə˧˥ ŋo˧ |
| 33 | forget | nɛ˧˥ tʰa˥ | ɦmɛ˥ | ɣə˧˥ ɦmu˧ se˧ |
| 34 | sky | ɦnɑ˥ | ŋo˥ | mo˧˥ |
| 35 | sun | nə˥ | ɲi˧˥ | ɲi˧˥ me˧ |
| 36 | red | ɦmaʔ ɦma˧ | nḛ˥ nḛ˧ | ndja̰˥ |
| 37 | body hair | ʰpu˥ | mɔ˧˥ | mo̰˧˥ |
| 38 | urine | qo˥ | pi˧˥ | bi˧˥ |
| 39 | look | ʈu˥ | ŋi˧˥ | tʰa˧˥ ŋɛ̃˧ |
| 40 | person | mə˧˥ | ŋʉ˥ nɛ̰˧ | ɦŋɯʔ˥ ɲi˧ |
| 41 | male | no˥ | zə˧˥ | zə˧˥ |
| 42 | daughter | nu˧˥ mo˧ | m̥e˧˥ | m̥ə˧˥ |
| 43 | road | tɕə˥ | rɛ˥ | ra˧˥ |
| 44 | fear | ɦlɛ˥ | ɦɣe˥ | ɣe˧˥ |
| 45 | be born | no˥ mbə˧ | ndzə˧˥ | ndzɑ˧˥ |
| 46 | go | xɯ˥ | n̥tʰõ˥ | n̥tʰɛ̃˥ |
| 47 | shout | kəʔ˥ ɕi˧ | rɛ˥ | rḛ˧˥ |
| 48 | four | lə̰˥ | ɦɣə˧˥ | ɦɣe˧˥ |
| 49 | eight | ɦdʑə˥ | ɕe˧˥ | ɕa˥ |
| 50 | ten | ʁɑ˧˥ | ʔa˥ qõ˧ | ɦa̰˧˥ ʁõ˧ |
| 51 | twenty | ɲe˧˥ qɑ˧ | nɑ˧˥ | nɑ˧˥ |
| 52 | be sick | ŋo˥ | nø̰˧˥ | nɛ˧˥ ŋa˧ |
| 53 | rain | mo˧˥ | tsu˥ | mo˧˥ |
| 54 | wear | to˧˥ ŋɡʉ˧ | ŋɡu˥ | qe˧˥ |
| 55 | wind | mɛ̰˥ | ŋɑ˧˥ mi˧ | ɦdʑa˧˥ ɦɡə˧ rə˧ |
| 56 | wipe | nə˥ ɕə˧ | ɕḛ̃˥ | xɔ̰˧˥ |
The Changdu Gazetteer provides the following comparative data in Tibetan script. The table below uses Wylie romanization. English translations for the Chinese glosses are also provided.
| English gloss | Chinese gloss | Lhasa Tibetan | Khams Tibetan
| Lamo
| Larong
| Drag-yab
|
| house | 房子 | ཁང་པ | ཁོང་པ | ཅིས | ཅོང | ཅིམ |
| chhaang | 青稞酒 | ཆང | ཆོང | ཨོས | ཆང | དགེས |
| hand | 手 | ལག་པ | ལག་པ | ལུའུ | འདིས | འདིས |
| ride horse | 骑马 | རྟ་བཞོན | རྟ་ཀྱ | རིས་གྱིས | རེ་གག | རེའུ་ན་ཚེམ |
| hat | 帽子 | ཞྭ་མོ | ཞ་མགོ | ཇའ | དེའུ | དེའུ |
| eat rice | 吃饭 | ཁ་ལག་ཟས | ཟ་མ་ཟ | ཆོག་ཅོག་ཏོས | གཟིས་མའི་མཛད | གཟིན་ཐོ་འམ |
| sheep | 绵羊 | ལུག | ལུག | ཡིས | ལའ | ལྭའུ |
| beautiful | 漂亮 | སྙིང་རྗེ་མོ | གཅེས་ལི་མ | ཀ་ཞིས་ཉིས | དངེས་ཡིས | དངུད་ལུ |
| donkey | 毛驴 | བོང་བུ | ཀུ་རུ | བ་ཅི | ཅོའུ | གུའུའུ |
| salt | 盐 | ཚྭ | ཚྭ | ཚོག་ཏི | ཚེའུ | ཚྭའུ |
| swell | 肿 | སྐྲངས་པ | སྐྲོང་པ | སྐྲེ་བེ | དུ་རགས | དུའུ་རམས |
| head | 头 | མགོ | མགོ | དབུ | དབོག | གཞོག |
| child | 小孩 | སྤུ་གུ | ཉོག | ཉོག་ཉོག | ཐད | ཆ་ཆོག |
| dry beef | 干牛肉 | ཤ་སྐམ | ཤ་སྐམ | བྱིས་རོ | ཆེས་རོང་རོང | ཆོའུ་རིམ་རིམ |
| What is this? | 这是什么 | དེ་ག་རེ་རེད | འདི་ཆི་རེད་ལས | ཏེ་ཧ་ཆོས | ཨེ་ཏི་ཐོའུ | ཙེ་དུ་ཁྱི |
| Where are you going? | 你去哪里 | རང་ག་བ་འགྲོ་ག | ཁྱོད་ག་ན་འགྲོ་ཇི | ནི་རི་ཧི་ལོ་ཤས | གནད་མདོ་ཧུ་ནུ་ངོག | འདེ་རུ་ཧེན |
| crazy person | 疯子 | སྨྱོན་པ | མྱོན་པ | འ་རོ | སྨྱོན་འབས | ཡ་རོག |
| crow | 乌鸦 | པུ་རོག | ཁ་ཏ | ཕོ་རོག | ཁ་གཏེ | ཕུའུ་རོག |
| Thank you. | 谢谢 | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ | ཡག་བྲུང | བྱུ་ནུ་པུ་ང་ཉིད་གུ་ནི་ད | དེ་སྒྲ་དགེ | ཏི་སྒྲ་དགེ |
