Cham script


The Cham script is a Brahmic abugida used to write Cham, an Austronesian language spoken by some 245,000 Chams in Vietnam and Cambodia. It is written horizontally left to right, as in English.

History

The Cham script is a descendant of the Brahmi script of India. Cham was one of the first scripts to develop from a script called the Grantha alphabet some time around 200 CE. It came to Southeast Asia as part of the expansion of Hinduism and Buddhism. Hindu stone temples of the Champa civilization contain both Sanskrit and Chamic language stone inscriptions. The earliest inscriptions in Vietnam are found in Mỹ Sơn, a temple complex dated to around 400 CE. The oldest inscription is written in faulty Sanskrit. After this, inscriptions alternate between Sanskrit and the Cham language of the times.
Cham kings studied classical Indian texts such as the Dharmaśāstra and inscriptions make reference to Sanskrit literature. Eventually, while the Cham and Sanskrit languages influenced one another, Cham culture assimilated Hinduism, and Chams were eventually able adequately express the Hindu religion in their own language. By the 8th century, the Cham script had outgrown Sanskrit and the Cham language was in full use. Most preserved manuscripts focus on religious rituals, epic battles and poems, and myths.
Modern Chamic languages have the Southeast Asian areal features of monosyllabicity, tonality, and glottalized consonants. However, they had reached the Southeast Asia mainland disyllabic and non-tonal. The script needed to be altered to meet these changes.

Variety

The Cham now live in two groups: the Western Cham of Cambodia and the Eastern Cham of Vietnam. For the first millennium AD, the Chamic languages were a dialect chain along the Vietnam coast. The breakup of this chain into distinct languages occurred once the Vietnamese pushed south, causing most Cham to move back into the highlands while some like Phan Rang Cham became a part of the lowland society ruled by the Vietnamese. The division of Cham into Western and Phan Rang Cham immediately followed the Vietnamese overthrow of the last Cham polity. The Western Cham people are mostly Muslim and therefore prefer the Arabic script. The Eastern Cham are mostly Hindu and continued to use the Indic script. During French colonial times, both groups had to use the Latin alphabet.
There are two varieties of the Cham script: Akhar Thrah and Akhar Srak. The two are distinct enough to be encoded in separate blocks. A standard ALA-LC romanization of both varieties, which is based on EFEO romanization of Cham, is available.

Usage

The script is highly valued in Cham culture, but this does not mean that many people are learning it. There have been efforts to simplify the spelling and to promote learning the script, but these have met with limited success. Traditionally, boys learned the script around the age of twelve when they were old and strong enough to tend to the water buffalo. However, women and girls did not typically learn to read. The traditional Indic Cham script is still known and used by Vietnam's Eastern Cham but no longer by the Western Cham.

Structure

Similar to other abugidas, the consonants of Cham have the inherent vowel. Dependent vowel diacritics are used to modify the inherent vowel. Since Cham does not have virāma, special consonants should be used for pure consonants. This practice is similar to the chillu consonants of the Malayalam script.
Most consonant letters, such as,, or, includes an inherent vowel which does not need to be written. The nasal stops,,,, and are exceptions, and have an inherent vowel . A diacritic called kai, which does not occur with the other consonants, is added below a nasal consonant to write the vowel.
Cham words contain vowel and consonant-vowel syllables, apart from the last, which may also be CVC. There are a few characters for final consonants in the Cham script; other consonants merely extend a longer tail on the right side to indicate the absence of a final vowel.

Consonants

Medial consonants

Final consonants

Cham does not employ a virama to suppress vowels. Final consonants are indicated in one of three ways: an explicit final consonant letter, a combining diacritic mark, or by.
-k-g-ng-c-t-n-p-y-r-l-x

-ng-m-h
diacritics
shown with

Independent vowels

Six of the initial vowels are represented with unique letters:
aiuéaio

Dedependent vowels

Other initial vowels are represented by adding a diacritic to the letter . The same diacritics are used with consonants to change their inherent vowel:
-ā-i-ī-ei-u-ū-e-ē
diacritics
shown with '
-é-é-o-ō-ai-ao-â-â-au
diacritics
shown with '

Numbers

Cham has a distinctive set of digits:
0123456789

Punctuation

Three levels of text breaks can be marked with dandas, with progressive values of finality:,, and.
can optionally be used to mark a question.
A spiral can mark the beginning of a section. Sometimes it is combined with a danda:.
European punctuation marks like hypen and colon have also found their way into Cham writing.

Unicode

Cham script was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1.
The Unicode block for Cham is U+AA00-U+AA5F:

Literature