The central canal, also known as ependymal canal, is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs through the spinal cord. The central canal below at the ventricular system of the brain, from which it receives cerebraospinal fluid, and shares the same ependymal lining. The central canal helps to transport nutrients to the spinal cord as well as protect it by cushioning the impact of a force when the spine is affected. The central canal represents the adult remainder of the central cavity of the neural tube. It generally occludes with age.
Structure
The central canal below at the ventricular system of the brain, beginning at a region called the obex where the fourth ventricle, a cavity present in the brainstem, narrows. The central canal is located in the third of the spinal cord in the cervical and thoracicregions. In the lumbar spine it enlarges and is located more centrally. At the conus medullaris, where the spinal cord tapers, it is located more ly.
The terminal ventricle is the widest part of the central canal of the spinal cord that is located at or near the conus medullaris. It was described by Stilling in 1859 and Krause in 1875. Krause introduced the term fifth ventricle after observation of normal ependymal cells. The central canal expands as a fusiform terminal ventricle, and approximately 8–10 mm in length in the conus medullaris. Although the terminal ventricle is visible in the fetus and children, it is usually absent in adults. Sometimes, the terminal ventricle is observed by MRI or ultrasound in children less than 5 years old.
Microanatomy
The central canal shares the same ependymal lining as the ventricular system of the brain. The canal is lined by ciliated, column-shaped cells, outside of which is a band of gelatinous substance, called the substantia gelatinosa centralis. This gelatinous substance consists mainly of neuroglia, but contains a few nerve cells and fibers; it is traversed by processes from the deep ends of the columnar ciliated cells which line the central canal. The substantia gelatinosa of Rolando, is located more dorsally.
Development
The central canal represents the adult remainder of the central cavity of the neural tube. It generally occludes with age.
Function
The central canal carries cerebrospinal fluid, which it receives from the ventricular system of the brain. The central canal helps to transport nutrients to the spinal cord as well as protect it by cushioning the impact of a force when the spine is affected.
is a disease caused by the blockage of the central canal. Blockage of the central canal usually occurs at the lower cervical and upper thoracic levels. This typically damages white matter fibers that cross in anterior white commissure, leading to the loss of temperature, pain, and motor function at the affected levels on sideopposite to the damage. Other relevant conditions include:
