Celastrina idella


Celastrina idella, the American holly azure, is a species of butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found on the east coast of the United States.

Description

Adults

The wing uppersides are uniform light blue or purplish-blue, shinier in females than in males, with white fringes. The wing undersides are light gray or white with dull black spots.

Larvae

Caterpillars vary in color between green and white. Some caterpillars develop white chevron markings on their back.

Differences from similar species

American holly azures differ from the co-occurring azure species by their smaller size, wing color, flight period, pupal diapause, and larval hosts. Northern azures have earlier flight and pupal periods, larger size, and more vivid adult and larval color. Spring azures can be distinguished by close examination of the wing scale structure in a captured individual but are otherwise nearly indistinguishable by sight. The spring flight of summer azure associates with black cherry and does not diapause before the summer flight, which begins after the end of the American holly azure flight. Appalachian azures and cherry gall azures have ranges west of the range of American holly azures.

Range

The species' occurrence range extends along the Atlantic coastal plain of the United States, from New Jersey to Georgia.

Life cycle

The species has one flight per year in the spring, between the flight periods of the northern azure and the spring brood of summer azure but overlapping with spring azure and cherry gall azure. The flight is from late April to late May in the northern part of the range.

Adults

Adults emerge to begin their single flight in spring, after remaining in the pupal stage during summer, autumn, winter, and early spring.

Eggs

Adults lay white eggs on buds of holly flowers.

Larvae

Caterpillars hatch and bore into the buds in late spring. Worker ants of a few species, including the ferruginous carpenter ant, an unnamed carpenter ant Camponotus nearcticus, and an unnamed citronella ant Lasius alienus, accompany the caterpillars.

Pupae

Caterpillars become light brown pupae in late spring or early summer. The pupae undergo diapause until spring.

Food

Adult nectar sources

Adults take nectar from highbush blueberry, sand myrtle, chokeberries, black cherry, red maple, and rock cress.

Larval host plants

Caterpillars eat the flowering parts of male plants of four species of holly: American holly, inkberry, smooth winterberry, and Yaupon holly. Two possible alternative host plants are tall gallberry holly and Virginia willow.

Evolution and taxonomy

American holly azures co-occur with closely related azure species but differ in their host plant adaptation. Sympatric speciation may have occurred due to host plant specialization, i.e., different populations of azures may have genetically diverged once some populations adapted to a single host not used by other populations.