Casuarina equisetifolia was officially described by Linnaeus in 1759 as Casuarina equisefolia. A type was designated by New South Wales botanist Lawrie Johnson in 1989. The specific name equisetifolia is derived from the Latin equisetum, meaning "horse hair". Common names include coast sheoak, beach casuarina, beach oak, beach sheoak, beach pine, whistling tree, horsetail she oak, horsetail beefwood, horsetail tree, Australian pine, ironwood, whistling pine, Filao tree, and agoho. There are two subspecies:
Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. equisetifolia. Large tree to tall; twigs diameter, hairless. Southeast Asia, northern Australia.
Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana L.A.S.Johnson. Small tree to tall; twigs diameter, downy. Eastern Australia, New Caledonia, southern Vanuatu.
plants using a biochemical means or allelopathy. This is one reason it can be such a damaging invasive species in places outside its native range.
Description
Casuarina is an evergreen tree growing to tall. The foliage consists of slender, much-branched green to grey-green twigs diameter, bearing minute scale-leaves in whorls of 6–8. The flowers are produced in small catkin-like inflorescences; the male flowers in simple spikes long, the female flowers on short peduncles. Unlike most other species of Casuarina it is monoecious, with male and female flowers produced on the same tree. The fruit is an oval woody structure long and in diameter, superficially resembling a conifer cone made up of numerous carpels each containing a single seed with a small wing long. Like some other species of the genus Casuarina, C. equisetifolia is an actinorhizal plant able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. In contrast to species of the plant family Fabaceae, Casuarina harbours a symbiosis with a Frankia actinomycete.
Distribution and habitat
Casuarina is found from Myanmar and Vietnam throughout Malesia east to French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu, and south into Australia (the northern parts of Northern Territory, north and eastQueensland, and northeastern New South Wales, where it extends as far south as Laurieton.
Uses
Casuarina is widely used as a bonsai subject, particularly in South-east Asia and parts of the Caribbean. Indonesian specimens and those cultivated in Taiwan are regarded among the best in the bonsai world. The wood of this tree is used for shingles, fencing, and is said to make excellent hot-burning firewood. Among the islands of Hawaii, Casuarina are also grown for erosion prevention, and in general as wind breaking elements. The legendary miraculous spear Kaumaile came with the hero Tefolaha on the South Pacific islandNanumea. He fought with it on the islands of Samoa and Tonga. As Tefolaha died, "Kaumaile" went to his heirs, then to their heirs, and on and on - 23 generations. It is about 1.80 meters long and about 880 years old and the tree was cut on Samoa. The Casuarina leaves are usually used for ornamental purposes in the urban region. Other than ornamental purposes, the Casuarina was also explored in for its potential in remediation of textile dye wastewater. Casuarina leaves were found to be useful as absorbent material for the removal of textile dyes such as reactive orange,16 Rhodamine B, methylene blue, malachite green and methyl violet 2b. Similarly the Casuarina dried cone was also reported to be able to remove Rhodamine B, and methyl violet 2b. The Casuarina bark was reported to able to remove methylene blue. Even the Casuarina seed was also found to be useful in dye removal of neutral red and malachite green. The carbon derived from the cones of Casuarina was found to be good absorbent for the landfill leachate, while another laboratory also reported good absorbent for copper ions from aqueous solution. Casuarina equisetifolia Lin. has been used traditionally for treating inflammation, cancer and other diseases, but its efficacy has not been scientifically examined in treating arthritis; the bark extract showed anti-arthritic activity. Methanolic extract of Casuarina equisetifolia fruit contain significant percentage of secondary metabolite like poly phenol, it showed antioxidant and anti-arthritic activity. Methanolic extract of Casuarina equisetifolia Lin. Leaf against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Induced Cancer in Mice; possess protective action on the hemopoietic system.
