The Blackfriars Rotunda was a building in Southwark, near the end of Blackfriars Bridge across the River Thames in London, that existed from 1787 to 1958 in various forms. It initially housed the collection of the Leverian Museum after it had been disposed of by lottery. For a period it was home to the Surrey Institution. In the early 1830s it notoriously was the centre for the activities of the Rotunda radicals. Its subsequent existence was long but less remarkable.
James Parkinson and the Leverian collection
came into possession of the collection of Sir Ashton Lever quite by chance: Lever put it up as a lottery prize, Parkinson's wife bought two tickets, gave one away, and died before the time the lottery draw was carried out.
Construction of the Rotunda
After trying to run the museum in its old location in Leicester Square, but finding the rent too much, Parkinson with other investors put up the Rotunda Building; it was of his own design, was constructed by James Burton, and was opened in 1787. The Rotunda building was circular and in brick; the roof was conical and in slate. It was located on the south side of the Thames, and at the time was in the county of Surrey. The dimensions were later given as 120 feet by 132 feet, i.e. 1760 square yards; originally the area was under 1000 square yards, however. It was located on Great Surrey Street, fronting on the Georgian terrace there. The layout is believed to be documented only by a single surviving sketched floor plan. The Leverian collection was moved in from Leicester House in 1788. At the time the nearby buildings on Albion Place were industrial: the British Glass Warehouse by the side of the river, and the Albion Mills over the street.
Parkinson as museum owner
Parkinson made serious efforts to promote the collection as a commercial venture. A catalogue and guide was printed in 1790. He also had George Shaw write an illustrated scientific work. after Charles Reuben Ryley. Parkinson had some success in getting naturalists to attend the museum, which was easier at the time to visit than the British Museum. A visitor in 1799, Heinrich Friedrich Link, was complimentary.
When the Surrey Institution was being proposed, around 1807, the Rotunda Building was adapted to the Institution's needs by Joseph T. Parkinson, son of James Parkinson. The Institution ran into financial difficulties, and was closed down in 1823. The building was adapted to public lectures, in a large theatre. There were other public rooms:
Adjoining the theatre and near the inclosed part appropriated to the lecturer, is the chemical laboratory, in which convenience, compactness, and elegance are united. Contiguous to it is the committee-room. On the other side of the theatre is the library, which is sixty feet in length, with a gallery on three sides, and an easy access to it by a flight of steps.
Later uses
The building from 1823 was used in a variety of ways until 1855, when it was put to ordinary business use, as the Royal Albion pub. In the 1820s it was a wine and concert room. It also hosted a diorama, and a book about its representation of the Greek War of Independence was published in 1828. Under the title Old Rotunda Assembly Rooms the Rotunda is also written into the early history of music hall, for the performances of variety acts offered there in 1829, including the extemporiser Charles Sloman. In 1831 it was described as the Surrey Rotunda on Albion Place leading to Albion Street. In May or June 1830 Richard Carlile took over the Rotunda, and it became a centre for radical lectures and meetings. There were also waxworks and wild beasts. From 1833 to 1838 it operated as the Globe Theatre; under John Blewitt it was called a "musick hall", and in 1838 the Rotunda was again a concert room. George Jacob Holyoake was teaching and lecturing there in 1843. At a later point it was the Britannia Music Hall. After an illegal cock fight was discovered, the Rotunda finally lost its entertainment licence, in 1886. In 1912 the Rotunda was in use as a warehouse. The structure was damaged during World War II, and had been patched up by 1950. It was demolished in 1958.
