Plenty of theoretical work was published on theories and hypotheses describing generation of electromagnetic field by living cells in very broad frequency range. The most influential one was once probably the Fröhlich's hypothesis of coherence in biological systems introduced by Herbert Fröhlich in the late 1960s. Despite the fact that experimental evidence for Fröhlich's hypothesis does not exist yet, numerical estimates indicate biological feasibility of at least Fröhlich's weak condensation. Recent theoretical considerations predict generation of radio frequency electromagnetic field in cells as a result of vibrations of electrically polar intracellular structures, e. g., microtubules. Emission in optical part of electromagnetic spectrum is usually attributed to reactive oxygen species.
Experimental evidence
Bioelectrodynamic effects were experimentally proven in optical range of electromagnetic spectrum. Spontaneous emission of photons by living cells, with intensity significantly higher than corresponds to emission by thermal radiation, was repeatedly reported by several authors over decades. These observations exhibit experimental simplicity and good reproducibility. Although non-thermal emission of photons from living cells is generally accepted phenomenon, much less is known about its origin and properties. On the one hand, it is sometimes attributed to chemiluminescentmetabolic reactions, on the other hand, some authors relate this phenomenon to far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics. Indirect evidence exists on acoustic and radio frequencies; however, direct measurement of field quantities is missing. Pohl and others observed force effect on dielectric particles which were attracted to cells and repulsed from cells, respectively, depending on particles' dielectric constant. Pohl attributed this behavior to dielectrophoresis caused by electromagnetic field of cells. He estimated the frequency of this field as about hundreds of MHz. Other indirect evidencecomes from the fact that mechanical vibrations were experimentally proven in very broad frequency range in cells. Since many structures in cells are electrically polar, they will generate electromagnetic field if they vibrate.
Controversy
As a question opened for decades, bioelectrodynamics was not always part of scientific mainstream and thus it was sometimes treated with poor scientific standards. This is particularly true for:
