Bernoulli scheme


In mathematics, the Bernoulli scheme or Bernoulli shift is a generalization of the Bernoulli process to more than two possible outcomes. Bernoulli schemes are important in the study of dynamical systems, as most such systems exhibit a repellor that is the product of the Cantor set and a smooth manifold, and the dynamics on the Cantor set are isomorphic to that of the Bernoulli shift. This is essentially the Markov partition. The term shift is in reference to the shift operator, which may be used to study Bernoulli schemes. The Ornstein isomorphism theorem shows that Bernoulli shifts are isomorphic when their entropy is equal.

Definition

A Bernoulli scheme is a discrete-time stochastic process where each independent random variable may take on one of N distinct possible values, with the outcome i occurring with probability, with i = 1, ..., N, and
The sample space is usually denoted as
as a shorthand for
The associated measure is called the Bernoulli measure
The σ-algebra on X is the product sigma algebra; that is, it is the direct product of the σ-algebras of the finite set. Thus, the triplet
is a measure space. A basis of is the cylinder sets. Given a cylinder set, its measure is
The equivalent expression, using the notation of probability theory, is
for the random variables
The Bernoulli scheme, as any stochastic process, may be viewed as a dynamical system by endowing it with the shift operator T where
Since the outcomes are independent, the shift preserves the measure, and thus T is a measure-preserving transformation. The quadruplet
is a measure-preserving dynamical system, and is called a Bernoulli scheme or a Bernoulli shift. It is often denoted by
The N = 2 Bernoulli scheme is called a Bernoulli process. The Bernoulli shift can be understood as a special case of the Markov shift, where all entries in the adjacency matrix are one, the corresponding graph thus being a clique.

Generalizations

Most of the properties of the Bernoulli scheme follow from the countable direct product, rather than from the finite base space. Thus, one may take the base space to be any standard probability space, and define the Bernoulli scheme as
This works because the countable direct product of a standard probability space is again a standard probability space.
As a further generalization, one may replace the integers by a countable discrete group, so that
For this last case, the shift operator is replaced by the group action
for group elements and understood as a function . The measure is taken as the Haar measure, which is invariant under the group action:
These generalizations are also commonly called Bernoulli schemes, as they still share most properties with the finite case.

Properties

demonstrated that the Kolmogorov entropy of a Bernoulli scheme is given by
This may be seen as resulting from the general definition of the entropy of a Cartesian product of probability spaces, which follows from the asymptotic equipartition property. For the case of a general base space , one typically considers the relative entropy. So, for example, if one has a countable partition of the base Y, such that, one may define the entropy as
In general, this entropy will depend on the partition; however, for many dynamical systems, it is the case that the symbolic dynamics is independent of the partition, and so such systems can have a well-defined entropy independent of the partition.
The Ornstein isomorphism theorem states that two Bernoulli schemes with the same entropy are isomorphic. The result is sharp, in that very similar, non-scheme systems, such as Kolmogorov automorphisms, do not have this property.
The Ornstein isomorphism theorem is in fact considerably deeper: it provides a simple criterion by which many different measure-preserving dynamical systems can be judged to be isomorphic to Bernoulli schemes. The result was surprising, as many systems previously believed to be unrelated proved to be isomorphic. These include all finite stationary stochastic processes, subshifts of finite type, finite Markov chains, Anosov flows, and Sinai's billiards: these are all isomorphic to Bernoulli schemes.
For the generalized case, the Ornstein isomorphism theorem still holds if the group G is a countably infinite amenable group.

Bernoulli automorphism

An invertible, measure-preserving transformation of a standard probability space is called a Bernoulli automorphism if it isomorphic to a Bernoulli shift.