Baltimore-class cruiser


The Baltimore-class cruisers were a large class of heavy cruisers in the United States Navy commissioned during and shortly after World War II. Fourteen Baltimores were completed, more than any other class of heavy cruiser except the British County class, with 15 built and 19 planned, along with three ships of the -sub-class. Fast and heavily armed, the Baltimore cruisers were mainly used in World War II to protect the fast aircraft carriers in battle groups from air attack. Additionally, their main guns and secondary guns were regularly used to bombard land targets in support of amphibious landings. After the war, only six Baltimores and two Oregon City-class ships remained in service, while the rest were moved to the reserve fleet. However, all ships except Boston, Canberra, Chicago and Fall River were reactivated for the Korean War. Except for St Paul, all the ships retaining all-gun configurations had very short service lives, and by 1971 were decommissioned, and started showing up in the scrap-sale lists. However, four Baltimore-class cruisers were refitted and converted into some of the first guided missile cruisers in the world, becoming two of the three and two cruisers. The last of these was decommissioned in 1980, with the Chicago lasting until 1991 in reserve. No example of the Baltimore class still exists.

History

Planning and construction

Immediately after the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the US Navy initiated studies regarding a new class of heavy cruiser that led to construction of the Baltimore class. With the start of the war, the limitations instituted by the Second London Naval Treaty, which had completely banned the construction of heavy cruisers, became obsolete. The Baltimore class was based partly on, a heavy cruiser from 1937, which represented the transition from inter-war to World War II designs. It was also based partly on the, a light cruiser that was then being built. In profile, the Baltimores looked very much like the Cleveland-class light cruisers, the obvious difference being that the larger Baltimores carried nine guns in three triple turrets, compared to the 12 guns in four triple turrets of the Clevelands.
The construction of the first four ships of the Baltimore class began on July 1, 1940, and four more were ordered before the year was out. A second order, which consisted of 16 more ships, was approved on August 7, 1942. Despite the heavy losses in cruisers during the first 14 months of the Pacific War, the completion of the ships was delayed, because the Navy gave priority to the construction of the lighter Cleveland-class ships, as more of the lighter ships could be completed more quickly for deployment in carrier groups. With the construction of the first eight Baltimore-class ships moving slowly, the US Navy used the time to review the initial plans and improve them. The new, modified design was itself delayed, so that construction had begun on a further six ships—for a total of 14—using the original design before the revisions were completed. The final three ships ordered were converted to the second design, known as the Oregon City class. Between 1943 and 1947, 17 ships of the Baltimore and Oregon City classes entered service. Construction of the eighteenth ship was suspended, to eventually be completed as a flagship/command ship in 1950. Five more were laid down, but cancelled and scrapped before launch, and one was never started before being cancelled.
The largest contractor for the construction of the Baltimore-class ships was Bethlehem Steel, which produced eight ships at the Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts. New York Shipbuilding in Camden, New Jersey, built four and the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in Philadelphia completed two. The ships were named after cities in the United States, the only exception being, which was named in honor of , which had been named after Canberra, the Australian capital. The classification "CA" originally stood for "armored cruiser" but was later used for heavy cruisers.

Service

Of the seventeen completed ships, twelve were commissioned before the Japanese capitulation on September 2, 1945, though only seven took part in the battles of the Pacific Theater and one in the European Theater. By 1947, nine of the Baltimores had been decommissioned and placed in the reserve fleet, while seven remained in service. However, at the start of the 1950s, six were reactivated, making thirteen available for deployment in the Korean War. Six of these were used for escort missions and coastal bombardment in Korea, while the other seven reinforced fleets in other areas of the globe. Four ships remained out of service: the Fall River was never reactivated, the Boston and Canberra were refitted as Boston-class guided missile cruisers, and the Chicago was reactivated after being converted to an Albany-class CG.
After the Korean War ended and due to the high cost of keeping them in service; starting in 1954 with Quincy, some of the Baltimores decommissioned for good. By 1969, six ships were still in commission; five as CGs, and only one unmodified ship, the Saint Paul, which remained active to serve in the Vietnam War, providing gunfire support. St Paul was the only member of the class to serve continuously from commissioning and was finally decommissioned in 1971. Boston and Canberra retired in 1970, Columbus in 1975, and finally Chicago in 1980. Starting in 1972 all fourteen of the original Baltimores were sold for scrap after being decommissioned, with Chicago being the final one broken up in 1991.

Damage and casualties

In World War II, only the Canberra was damaged through enemy fire, when she was struck with an air-dropped torpedo on October 13, 1944, which killed 23 men in the engine room and left the ship immobilized. The ship was hit amidships and both boiler rooms were flooded with 3,000 tons of seawater. She was towed away by sister ship Boston, and as a result both ships missed the crucial Battle of Leyte Gulf. A year later, repairs were completed at the Boston Naval Shipyard and Canberra was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet. In June 1945, Pittsburgh had her entire bow ripped off in a typhoon, but there were no casualties. The ship struggled through winds to Guam, where provisional repairs were made before sailing to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for a full reconstruction. Pittsburghs detached bow stayed afloat, and was later towed into Guam and scrapped.
During the Korean War, a fire in a forward turret on April 12, 1952, killed 30 men on St Paul. Then, in 1953, the same ship was hit by a coastal battery, though without injury to the crew. Helena in 1951 and Los Angeles in 1953 were also struck by coastal batteries without injuries during the war.
In June 1968, Boston, along with its escort, the Australian destroyer, were victims of friendly fire when planes of the US Air Force mistook them for enemy targets and fired on them with AIM-7 Sparrow missiles. Only Hobart was seriously damaged; although Boston was hit, the warhead of the missile failed to detonate.

Missile conversions

By the latter half of the 1940s, the navy was planning warships equipped with missiles. In 1946 the battleship and in 1948 the seaplane tender were converted to test this idea. Both were equipped with, among other weapons, with RIM-2 Terrier missiles, which were also used after 1952 on the first series of operational missile cruisers. Two Baltimore-class cruisers were refitted in this first series, and Canberra. These were the first operational guided missile cruisers in the world. They were designated the Boston class and returned to service in 1955 and 1956 respectively, reclassified as CAG-1 and CAG-2--"G" for "guided missile" and maintaining the "A" because they retained their heavy guns.
In the following years six light cruisers of the Cleveland class were equipped with guided missiles and in 1957 the first ship designed from the start to be a missile cruiser was completed. Ships also continued to be converted, so starting in 1958, two Baltimore-class cruisers, and, along with an, , were converted to the new Albany class. These were launched in 1962 and 1964, respectively. Two more ships were planned to be refitted as Albanys, the Baltimore class and the Oregon City-class but these conversions were cancelled on financial considerations. As opposed to the Boston-class refit, the Albany-class refit required a total reconstruction. Both entire weapons systems and the superstructure were removed and replaced with new ones; the cost of one refit was $175 million. Because no high-caliber guns were retained, the Albany class ships received the designation CG.
In addition to the operational conversions, four Baltimore-class ships,,, and, received modifications to operate the SSM-N-8 Regulus cruise missile between 1956 and 1958 on an experimental basis. Regulus was a nuclear-armed weapon that was primarily used by the US Navy in the nuclear deterrent role. Although associated primarily with submarines, the four Baltimore-class cruisers fitted to operate the missile undertook operational taskings with it to the Western Pacific during the experimental period.

Engineering and equipment

Hull

Baltimore-class cruisers were long and wide. Since the hull was not altered in either the Albany or the Boston class, these numbers were the same for those ships as well, but the alterations differentiated them in all other categories.
Fully loaded, original Baltimores displaced of water. Their draft was. At the bow, the top level of the hull lay above the water; at the stern,. The funnels were high, and the highest point on the masts was at. The superstructure occupied about a third of the ship's length and was divided into two deckhouses. The gap between these housed the two thin funnels. Two masts, one a bit forward and the other a bit aft of the funnels, accommodated the positioning electronics.
The vertical belt armor was thick and the horizontal deck armor was up to thick. The turrets were also heavily armored, between thick, while the conning tower had up to.
The Boston class had a draft about deeper in the water, and displaced about more water than their former sister ships. Because the Bostons were only partially refitted, the forward third of the ship remained virtually untouched. The first serious change was the combination of what were two funnels on the Balitmores to just one, thicker funnel, which still stood in the gap between the two deckhouses. Because the missiles required more guiding electronic systems, the forward mast was replaced with a four-legged lattice mast with an enlarged platform. The most conspicuous change was of course the addition of the missile-launching apparatus and its magazine of missiles, which took up the entire back half of the ship and replaced the guns which had been there.
The three Albanys were completely rebuilt from the deck level up, except for the hull they bore very little resemblance to their former sister ships. The deckhouse now took up nearly two thirds of the ship's length and was two decks high for almost the entire length. Above that lay the box-shaped bridge which was one of the most recognizable markers of the class. The two masts and funnels were combined into the so-called "macks - a portmanteau word combining "mast" and "stack" - where the electronics platforms were attached to the tops of the funnels rather than attached to masts rising all the way from the deck. The highest points on the forward mack was more than above the water line. Such heights could only be achieved with the use of aluminum alloys, which were used to a great extent in the construction of the superstructures. Despite this, the fully loaded displacement of the Albanys grew to more than.

Propulsion

The Baltimore cruisers were propelled with steam power. Each ship had four shafts, each with a propeller. The shafts were turned by four steam turbines, the steam produced by four boilers, which at full speed reached pressures of up to. The Baltimores each had two engine rooms and two funnels, though this was changed in the Bostons, which only had one funnel for all four turbines, as noted above. The high speed was around and the performance of the engine was around.
The original Baltimores could carry up to of fuel, putting the maximum range at a cruising speed of at about. The increased displacement of the modified Boston and Albany classes meant their range was reduced to about 9000 and respectively, despite increases in fuel capacity to 2600 and 2500 tons.

Armament

The main armament of the Baltimore class consisted of three turrets, each with three Mark 15 8"/55 caliber guns. Two of these were located forward and one aft. They fired a 335-pound shell out to a maximum range of 30,050 yards. The armor-piercing shell could penetrate six inches of armor plating at 20,800 yards. The secondary armament consisted of twelve 5"/38 caliber guns in six twin mounts. Two mounts were located on each side of the superstructure and two were behind the main batteries fore and aft. These guns could be used against aircraft, and for surface targets. Their maximum range for surface targets was 17,575 yards and they could reach aircraft at altitudes of up to 12,400 yards. In addition, the ships had numerous light anti-aircraft weapons: 12 quadruple mounts of Bofors 40 mm guns as well as 20-28 Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, depending on when a given ship was commissioned. After WW2 the 20mm anti-aircraft guns were removed without replacement, due to limited effectiveness against kamikaze attacks, and because it was expected they would be completely ineffective against postwar aircraft. The 40mm Bofors were replaced with 3"/50 caliber guns in the 1950s.
Four ships,,,, and, were also each equipped with three nuclear cruise missiles of the SSM-N-8 Regulus type between 1956 and 1958. Ultimately, though, the deployment of such missiles on surface ships remained an experiment, which was only undertaken until the 1960s. The successor UGM-27 Polaris was carried only by nuclear submarines. In the late 1950s, plans were made to fit Polaris to missile conversions of these cruisers, but the only missile cruiser conversion ever so equipped was the Italian cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi,, and the missiles were never actually shipped.

Electronics

Initially, the Baltimores were equipped with SG radar systems for surface targets and SK systems for airborne targets. The range of these systems for surface targets, depending on the size of the target was between. The SK could detect bombers at medium altitudes from. The radar systems were replaced in the Korean war with the more effective SPS-6 and the SPS-12 was replaced with the SPS-10 from Raytheon. With this equipment planes could be detected at over away.
The Baltimore class was equipped from the start with electronic fire control systems to determine the fire-parameters by which targets over the horizon could be hit. The main guns were controlled by a Mark 34 fire control system connected to an MK 8 radar. The anti-aircraft guns were guided by Mk 37 systems with Mk-4 radar. Later, the fire control radars were replaced along with the main radar systems. The fire control systems remained the same except that the new 3 in guns were fitted upgraded to Mk 56 with Mk 35 radars.

Aircraft

The onboard flight systems of the Baltimore-class cruisers during World War II consisted of two aircraft catapults on the side edges of the aft deck. Between the catapults was a sliding hatchway which was the roof of an onboard hangar. Directly under the hatch was an aircraft elevator. The hangar had room to accommodate up to four aircraft at one time, one to port forward of the elevator, one to port abeam the elevator, one starboard abeam, and one on the elevator itself. The first four ships of the class had two cranes each, while the later models had only one.
At full speed, Vought OS2U Kingfisher could be launched from these catapults and later Curtiss SC-1 Seahawk as well. These planes were used for reconnaissance, anti-submarine, and rescue missions. The planes were seaplanes, and after their missions would land in the water near the cruiser and be lifted back up into the ship by the crane or cranes in the rear and reset upon their catapults. In the 1950s, the catapults and the accompanying capacity to launch airplanes were removed, though the cranes were left and the hangars used to house helicopters, ship's boats or the workings of the Regulus missile system.
Macon in 1948, had a slightly elevated helipad installed instead of the catapults. Because of the helipad, the available firing angles for the main guns were sharply narrowed and the experiment was therefore quickly abandoned and not attempted on any other ships of the class. The ships of the Albany class did have an area on the deck for helicopters to land, but no platform.

Later designs

The hull of the Baltimore class was used for the development of a number of other classes. The Oregon City-class cruisers differed only slightly from Baltimores, because they were originally planned as Baltimore-class cruisers but were constructed based on modified plans. Though nine ships were planned, only three were completed. The main differences between the two classes is the reduction to a single-trunked funnel, a redesigned forward superstructure that was placed further aft, primarily to decrease top-heaviness and increase the arcs of fire for the guns. A somewhat enlarged design resulted in the. While the basic deck layout was unchanged, this class carried the first fully automated high-caliber guns on a warship, though none was constructed in time to take part in World War II.
The plans for the light aircraft carrier were adapted from the drafts of the Baltimore hull design, and, for example the layout of the engines was transferred as well. The hulls of these ships were, however, significantly widened. The Saipan-class ships were completed in 1947 and 1948, but by the mid-1950s, they proved too small for the planes of the jet age and were converted for use as communication and command ships.

Crew

The size of the crew of a Baltimore-class cruiser varied by era and by tactical situation. Different sources also differ about the numbers. Naturally, the crew sizes were larger during wartime and furthermore, some cruisers — including all three of the modified Albany class - were used as flagships and therefore housed an admiral and his staff.
At launch, during and shortly after the war, the crews consisted of around 60 officers and about 1000 rank and file crewmen. When an admiral's staff was aboard during wartime, this number could swell to 80 officers and 1500 crewmen. On the Bostons, the standard crew, even in peacetime and without an admiral's staff, was 80 officers and around 1650 crewmen. Because the Albany class was equipped almost exclusively for guided missiles, it required fewer crew than the Bostons, and was roughly comparable numerically to the basic Baltimore.
Compared to today's crew sizes, these numbers seem high. The modern is manned by about 400. These differences are mostly due to the much less manpower intensive nature of modern weapon systems.

Ships in class

Ship NameHull No.BuilderLaid downLaunchedCommissioned/
Recommissioned
DecommissionedFate
CA-68Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard26 May 194128 July 194215 April 19438 July 1946Struck 15 February 1971, Broken up at Portland, Oregon, 1972
CA-68Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard26 May 194128 July 194228 November 195131 May 1956Struck 15 February 1971, Broken up at Portland, Oregon, 1972
CA-69Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard30 June 194126 August 194230 June 194329 October 1946Struck 4 January 1974; Sold for scrap 28 March 1975
CAG-1Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard30 June 194126 August 19421 November 19555 May 1970Struck 4 January 1974; Sold for scrap 28 March 1975

CA-70Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard3 September 194119 April 194314 October 19437 March 1947Struck 31 July 1978; Sold for scrap 31 July 1980

CAG-2Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard3 September 194119 April 194315 June 19562 February 1970Struck 31 July 1978; Sold for scrap 31 July 1980

CA-71Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard9 October 194123 June 194315 December 194319 October 1946Struck 1 October 1973; Broken up at Portland, Oregon, 1974

CA-71Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard9 October 194123 June 194331 January 19522 July 1954Struck 1 October 1973; Broken up at Portland, Oregon, 1974

CA-72Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard3 February 194322 February 194410 October 19447 March 1947Struck 1 July 1973; Broken up at Portland, Oregon, 1974

CA-72Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard3 February 194322 February 194425 September 195128 August 1956Struck 1 July 1973; Broken up at Portland, Oregon, 1974

CA-73Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard3 February 194316 September 194417 February 194530 April 1971Struck 31 July 1978; Broken up at Terminal Island, California, 1980
CA-74Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard28 June 194330 November 19448 June 19458 May 1959Struck 9 August 1976; Sold for scrap on 3 October 1977
CG-12Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard28 June 194330 November 19441 December 196231 January 1975Struck 9 August 1976; Sold for scrap on 3 October 1977

CA-75Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard9 September 194328 April 19454 September 194529 June 1963Struck 1 January 1974; Broken up at Richmond, California, 1975
CA-130New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey1 February 19432 July 194429 April 19459 April 1948Struck 1 October 1973; Broken up at Portland, Oregon, 1974
CA-130New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey1 February 19432 July 194423 November 195129 July 1960Struck 1 October 1973; Broken up at Portland, Oregon, 1974
CA-131New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey12 April 194313 August 19441 July 194531 October 1947Struck 19 February 1971; Broken up at Portland, Oregon, 1972
CA-132New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey14 June 194315 October 194426 August 194512 April 1950Struck 1 November 1969; Broken up at Port Newark, New Jersey, 1973
CA-132New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey14 June 194315 October 194416 October 195010 March 1961Struck 1 November 1969; Broken up at Port Newark, New Jersey, 1973
CA-133New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey13 September 19436 May 194527 October 194621 May 1960Struck 1 January 1974; Broken up at Terminal Island, California, 1974
CA-135Philadelphia Naval Shipyard28 July 194320 August 194422 July 19459 April 1948Struck 1 January 1974; Broken up at San Pedro, California, 1975
CA-135Philadelphia Naval Shipyard28 July 194320 August 194427 January 195115 November 1963Struck 1 January 1974; Broken up at San Pedro, California, 1975
CA-136Philadelphia Naval Shipyard28 July 194320 August 194410 January 19456 June 1947Struck 31 January 1984; Sold for scrap 9 December 1991
CG-11Philadelphia Naval Shipyard28 July 194320 August 19442 May 19641 March 1980Struck 31 January 1984; Sold for scrap 9 December 1991