Baldwin Lake is a purpose-built cooling pond created by building an levee, near Elevation:, around a patch of Kaskaskia River bottomland and dredging out sections of the area inside the levee. The lake is a perched cooling lake. Most of the lake is relatively shallow, with an average depth of, but the lake has "holes" that are or more in depth. From the air, Baldwin Lake lacks the convoluted shape of many reservoirs. The lake's water surface is the shape of a rectangle. Baldwin Lake was built by the Illinois Power Company as a cooling pond for its coal-fired Baldwin Generating Station, so called because the nearest town is Baldwin, Illinois. The Baldwin area sits atop a large seam of Illinois coal. The lake was begun in 1967, and completed and filled in 1970. Few if any tributaries flow naturally into Baldwin Lake; the lake is filled by water pumped from the nearby Kaskaskia River, supplemented by natural precipitation onto the surface of the lake. With the Baldwin Station, Baldwin Lake has changed hands several times since its construction as a result of corporate takeover activity. The lake and generating plant were acquired by the Dynegy energy holding company in 1999. Soon afterwards, the station ceased to burn Illinois coal, instead burning low-sulfur coal from Wyoming. As of 2007, the Baldwin Station complex employed 169 workers and was capable of generating up to 1,750 megawatts of power. The large coal-fired boilers at Baldwin required as much as of water per day to operate. Some of this water escaped as steam, and the rest was returned, heated, to the lake. A significant spill of untreated wastewater from the Dynegy Midwest plant into Baldwin Lake was disclosed in February 2015. As a result, the state's Department of Natural Resources temporarily closed the Kaskaskia River State Fish and Wildlife Area to the public on February 4, 2015.
Recreation
While Dynegy continues to own Baldwin Lake, they have transferred the operating rights over much of the lake to the state of Illinois, which manages the lake for sport fishing. As with many power plant lakes, the lake is stocked with fish that are tolerant of the warm waters discharged from the power plant's boilers, such as largemouth bass and crappie. Migratory bird species welcome the always-warm waters of Baldwin Lake, with peak populations of 20,000 ducks and 10,000 Canada geese noted. Approximately 200 geese live in and around the lake year-round. The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency considers the water quality of Baldwin Lake to be "fair," as is the water quality in the lower Kaskaskia River where most of the water in the lake came from. The state of Illinois enforces a power limit on the lake, with allowable boat motors limited to no more than. Baldwin Lake is accessed from Illinois Route 154, which passes through the nearby towns of Baldwin, Sparta, and Red Bud.
