Atiu
Atiu, also known as Enuamanu, is an island 187 km northeast of Rarotonga, in the Southern Islands group of the Cook Islands Archipelago.
History
Atiuans can trace their ancestry back to the beginning, Tangaroa the principal god of Atiu and universally recognised in Polynesia as tutelary god of the sea. The ancient name of the island was Enuamanu, meaning the island of insects and animals, although there is some dispute over whether 'animals' includes 'insects'. The Atiuans understand it as meaning there were no previous inhabitants. The Atiuans call themselves 'worms of Enuamanu' because they were born on Atiu and hope to be buried there. There was once a custom on Atiu similar to that of New Zealand Maori of burying a newborn child's placenta under a newly planted tree. This is the origin of the Atiuan saying: "We come from the land and go back to the land." The Atiuans were a fierce, warrior people and before the arrival of the missionaries busied themselves with making war on their neighbors on Mauke and Mitiaro, slaughtering significant numbers of them.The first recorded European to arrive at Atiu was Captain Cook. He sighted the island on March 31, 1777 and made tentative contact with some of the people over the next few days.
Ngamaru Povaru
When Ngakaara’s power had waned Ngamaru Povaru was the more dominant of the three kings of Atiu. He was a pacifist and ruled with a kind hand and the people called his rule Te Au Maru. One of the first tasks he did was to build a wall around his tribal settlement. At the northern end of the wall he had three monuments built, each capped in a different fashion. These three monuments were to represent the three kings – Ngamaru Ariki, Rongomatane Ariki and Parua Ariki. He also fashioned himself a 'modern' house built out of melted 'cooked' lime. Labour was provided by Ngati-Teakatauira, the people of his tribe.Beside his house he built a small marae at which he and his nine mataiapos or sub-chiefs conducted meetings. It is also the one and same marae dedicated by the original "Nga-toko-itu" of Atiu for the investiture of the three Ariki whenever there is a need. There are two potential sites pointed out by elders where the traditional marae for investing Ariki titles was located prior to the relocation. One was at the head of the tribal settlement the greater marae of Ngamaru Ariki - called "Te Au-noa". This is found roughly to the east/western end. Today the residence of the island Doctor is found on this site. The other is found towards the ravine behind Ngamaru Ariki's 'palace'. The Taunga Ukarau, the one and only high priest vested with mana in heathen times, has the exclusive right and mana to invoke the "Karakia" the sacred prayer for any such investiture and conduct it only on Ngamaru Ariki's marae. In order of seniority, Ngamaru Ariki retained the 'head of the boar' - signifying the more senior of the 3 Ariki.
He did several things that earned the gratefulness of his people. He purchased a piece of land in Tahiti on which the Atiuans could settle. He bought a ship – called Ngamaru – to take copra to Tahiti.
He spent much time in Rarotonga, finally marrying Makea Ariki of Rarotonga. He had built for the
Queen a two storied house which stands to this day. Because of the so many good deeds he had done, he was given the name of Ngamaru Rongo Tini
The first settlement
It is estimated that during the early part of the 14th century the first settlers arrived in Atiu. This was a group led by Mariri. He landed with his canoe of people at a place named Ava Tapu and settled near the beach at a place now known as O’Rongo. Because they were grateful for the safety of arrival here they built a marae to the god Rongo – hence the name. They lived here for some time before they moved inland and built another settlement inland also named O’Rongo thus presenting some confusion so that now the two maraes are distinguished by the application of O’Rongo- i – Tai and O’Rongo – i – Uta. O’Rongo – i – Uta is worth seeing but it is a long way from the beach and is not always cleaned.The wharf
Before 1974 ships arriving in Atiu would unload and load at one or another of the numerous landings in Atiu depending on the state of the tide and the wind. In 1974 the big event took place of the New Zealand army building the wharf. It has enabled ships to unload and load except in very, very severe weather conditions. This wharf is also a boon to fishermen as they can launch their boats and canoes from here. This wharf is also a boon for the swimmers where they are reasonably safe. They dive off the walls and even shelter behind the inside of the wall with big waves breaking over the wall.Cook’s landing
When Captain Cook arrived in Atiu in 1777, O’Rongo was still in use for it was here that the men were entertained by the Atiuans. Cook’s men wrote about the eight to ten double canoes they saw there under the trees.Cook’s two ships – The Resolution and The Discoverer - arrived in Atiu at the end of March. The purpose of the visit was to obtain food for the animals on board – cows and sheep. The sailors were reluctant to go ashore as they were not sure how they would be received. It was not till the Atiuans approached and boarded the ship that communications were made. They had a Tahitian on board whose language was very much like the Cook Islands language so there was little barrier to communications. Finally Captain Cook sent two of his officers ashore. They were taken to O’Rongo and entertained then fed and sent back to the ship with the left over food. No satisfactory food for the animals was obtained here so Cook went to Takutea and obtained food from there. Because of the Atiuan’s pleas they were given a dog – not a sheep nor a cow.
Tombs
During the early days of Christianity when lime was plentiful, four Atiuan kings were buried in tombs. There is no sign to say which king is buried here. The tomb was surrounded by a low fence of slabs of coral from the beach. However, when the kings were entombed, the place became sacred and no one was allowed to enter the fenced area. Trees and bushes were not to be disturbed. Two of the kings were entombed in Mapumai, one in Areora and one in Tengatangi.Geography and settlement
Atiu's area is about half that of Rarotonga. Atiu is a raised volcanic island surrounded by a reef from which rise cliffs of fossilized coral. The makatea cliff forms a ring round the island, creating a virtual plateau. Erosion at the innerside of the ring has formed dip of about into fertile land, which gradually rises again to a central flat-topped hill. The low swampy land consists of taro plantations, marshes and a lake, Tiroto. This fertile area also grows bananas, citrus fruits, pawpaws, breadfruit and coconuts.It is on the central hill that most human settlements are concentrated. On 12 March 2003, the population of Atiu was 571, in five villages radiating out from the island's centre, giving the appearance of a human figure. The villages have essentially grown together into one since 1823. They represent the tapere subdivisions prior to European contact. With their traditional names, the villages are:
- Teenui Village
- Mapumai Village
- Ngatiarua Village
- Areora Village
- Tengatangi Village
In these houses they conduct village meetings and community functions like welcoming and feeding visitors, selling of products. Educational courses are conducted in these houses and when a big group from overseas visit they could be accommodated in here for the time they are on the island.
In common with most islands in the southern group, Atiu has only a small, shallow lagoon. It compensates, however, with many picturesque, sandy beaches. As is usual with the makatea islands of the southern group, the fossilised coral limestone abounds with caves filled with stalactites and stalagmites.
Administratively, the small uninhabited island of Takutea, now a bird sanctuary, is considered part of Atiu.
Flora and fauna
Of special interest to tourists are the kopeka caves deep in the makatea, the Atiuan 'jungle'. The Atiu swiftlet or kopeka nests inside Anatakitaki Cave. The swiftlet navigates in the dark using sonar, like bats.Because the island is free of black rats, it was chosen as a site for reintroduction of Kuhl's lorikeet or the Rimatara lorikeet in 2007.
Tumu Nu beer parties
Male visitors can enjoy the esoteric delights of the tumunu or bush beer party. Technically illegal and banned ever since the missionaries arrived on these islands, the tumunu is a hangover from the old-time kava ceremonies. However, they have survived and "invitations" can be arranged for visiting enthusiasts.From the early colonial days when the local population was barred from drinking alcohol, the Tumu Nu came into being. The men carved a barrel from the trunk of the coconut tree and brewed the concoction in there. This would be hidden away near the plantations. As time went by drinking was finally legalised and now the villages each have a place for drinking and socialising. Formerly women were not allowed in these places but this rule has been relaxed and both men and women may be found in these places. There are strict rules of behaviour and anyone causing problems in one place will also be barred from other places.
Visitors are very welcome here and all one needs to do is to leave a small donations at departure. The participants sit on home made seats around the barman who is in the centre and in reach of all the participants. The barman has a miniature cup – the bottom part of a tiny coconut – and serves everyone from it – going around the full circle. One may drink or wave away the drink. There is a table with sliced up fruit and one may help oneself. There are generally instruments strumming and everyone joins in the singing.
Transport
Airport
In the early 1970 an airport was built on the plateau close to the villages. Later on however, it was realised that the runway was too short and could not be extended.About 1984 the building of the airport near the beach was undertaken. The work was done by hand voluntarily by the people of the island. The land belongs to a large number of landowners who are supposed to be paid from the landing fees charged but maintenance of the airport and runways depletes this fund and very little get to the land owners.
The airfield today is served with small aircraft from Aitutaki and Rarotonga, operated by Air Rarotonga using Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante aircraft. Flight are approximately 45 minutes. In 2015, the Chinese gave the island several large machines to enable the locals to tar seal the runway.
Rainwater collection
These were one of the earliest houses built by the government. There was one for each village. Inside at either end of the house is a huge concrete tank to contain the rain water collected. In the concrete floor beside each tank is a hollow about and about deep with a tap from the tank at one end. Here is where the villagers are to fill their containers to carry home for the day’s use.Today, every household has been supplied with plastic tanks to catch the rainwater and they no longer need to go to the catchment building. However, in times of water shortage tankers may fill up from here to take to the homes.
Rubbish dump
Before the modern world came to Atiu there was very little rubbish to get rid of that could not decompose, be burnt or eaten by pigs or dogs. Since the arrival of the modern world there are tins, bottles, plastics and many other materials to get rid of. The most convenient placea to get rid of these are hollows and caves.Horticulture
Taro
Taro roots and taro leaves are the staple food of Atiuans. Every meal is not complete without taro. Each home has two, three, four or more taro patches. There may be as many as ten varieties. The taro is of very good quality and highly sought after by people in Rarotonga, in Aitutaki and in New Zealand. However, the cost of freight is very exorbitant and there is little being sold overseas. When island visitors come to Atiu they delight in being able to go back home with a bag of taro.Because of the large numbers of wild pigs in Atiu, no-one can grow taro or any other crop without fencing. In 2005, the growers of Mapumai were able to get overseas aid to get materials for fencing. Working for one day each week for a whole year the men of the village completed the fence, about and surrounding about twelve acres of swamp. This area is now completely pig proof and the men grow taro without worrying about pigs. This is the most taro plants one can see on the island. One other village has fenced their area but the growers are not as plentiful nor as enthusiastic as the growers in Mapumai.
Coffee
Atiu has a long history of growing coffee. Missionaries established it commercially in the early 19th century. By 1865, annual exports of coffee from the Cook Islands amounted to 30,000 pounds. The islands' ariki controlled the land used for planting and received most of the returns. The commoners often saw little if any reward for their labour. In the late 1890s, Rarotongan coffee production suffered due to a blight that affected the plants. Coffee production declined and had to rely more on crops from the outer islands Atiu, Mauke and Mangaia. World Wars I and II resulted in a further export reduction and eventual standstill.In the 1950s the co-operative movement in the Cook Islands resulted in the re-establishment of coffee as a cash crop. On Atiu, under the supervision of New Zealand Resident Agent Ron Thorby and the Cook Islands Agriculture Department, new coffee plantations were established. The raw coffee was destined for export to New Zealand where it was processed and marketed.
By 1983, the coffee industry had collapsed. Government stepped back and left the plantations to their landowners. The poor financial return from selling their coffee to a Rarotongan company for processing had prompted the farmers to stop production except for their own private use. The plantations were overgrown with creepers.
Commercial coffee production was revived sometime in 1984, with the founding of Atiu Coffee Factory Ltd. by German economist Juergen Manske-Eimke. In 2012, the Atiu Coffee Factory managed of land and produced 4.5 tonnes of roasted beans. In 2015 the coffee factory closed and was taken over by Atiu Island Coffee.
Nursery
The agricultural nursery has existed for a number of years and it is a very important place for the planters of Atiu.Here are propagated things like pawpaws, avocado, citrus and new plants being introduced to the island such as new pawpaws, new pineapples, new citrus. Fertilizer and potting mix may be bought here.
Religion
Cook Islands Christian Church - Ziona Tapu
The first organised religion established on Atiu, in 1823, was that of the London Missionary Society. In later years, its name changed to Cook Islands Christian Church. Early missionaries and other visitors to Atiu commented on the prominence of Atiu's first church building, erected soon after embracing Christianity, which could be seen from the sea when approaching the island.Today the CICC is renowned for their strong and harmonious imene tuki, the hymns of their forefathers.