Apali language
Apalɨ, or Emerum, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Akɨ and Acɨ are two dialects that are quite different from each other.
Phonology
Vowels
Evolution
Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley.;Sources abbreviations
| proto-Trans-New Guinea | Apalɨ | |
| *maŋgV ‘compact round object’ | maŋgɨ ‘egg’ | |
| *mapVn ‘liver’ | mapɨn | |
| *maŋgat ‘teeth, mouth’ | mɨka | |
| *mVkVm ‘jaw’ | mukum | |
| *elak ‘light, lightning’ | ||
| *kumV- ‘die’ | kɨm- | |
| *kma ‘neck, nape’ | kum ‘nape’ | |
| *iman ‘louse’ | iman | |
| *na- ‘eat’ | n | |
| pMadang *na ‘2SG free pronoun’ | nama | |
| pMadang *nu ‘3SG free pronoun’ | numbu | |
| *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | iŋg- | |
| *kambena ‘arm’ | human | |
| *kin- ‘sleep’ | hɨni- ‘be, stay, exist’ | |
| *ani ‘who?’ | ani | |
| *umu ‘hair’ | mɨnɨ | |
| *mapVn ‘liver’ | maßɨn | |
| *iman ‘louse’ | iman | |
| *takVn ‘moon’ | takun, lakun | |
| *saasiŋ ‘sand’ | kasɨŋ | |
| *mbtC ‘fingernail’ | tɨpi | |
| *imbi ‘name’ | imbi | |
| *tumba ‘short’ | tɨmbɨ | |
| *siat ‘saliva’ | sɨmbu ‘spit’ | |
| *simbil ‘navel’ | simbilɨm, cimbilɨm ‘placenta, navel, umbilical cord’ | |
| *si + modifier ‘buttocks’ | susum ‘lower buttocks’ | |
| *kambena ‘arm, forearm’ | human | |
| *mapVn ‘liver’ | maβɨn | |
| *apa ‘father’ | iaβaŋ | |
| *apus‘grandparent’ | aβe ‘grandmother’ | |
| *apata ‘butterfly’ | afafaŋ | |
| *kakV ‘ear’ | hinji | |
| *kindil ‘root’ | hɨnjɨlɨ | |
| *tumba ‘short’ | tɨmbɨ | |
| *takVn ‘moon’ | takun | |
| *takVn ‘moon’ | lakun | |
| *kumut, *tumuk ‘thunder’ | lɨmbɨ ‘to thunder’ | |
| *mbtC ‘fingernail’ | tɨpi | |
| *kit ‘leg’ | gɨtɨ | |
| *kutV ‘long’ | hutaŋ, kutes | |
| *siat ‘saliva’ | sɨmbu ‘spit’ | |
| *maŋgat ‘teeth, mouth’ | mɨka | |
| *siat ‘saliva’ | sɨmbu ‘spit’ | |
| *simb ‘guts’ | su ‘faeces’ | |
| *simbil ‘navel’ | simbilɨm, cimbilɨm | |
| *si + modifier ‘buttocks’ | susum | |
| *saasiŋ ‘sand’ | kasɨŋ | |
| *maŋgV ‘compact round object’ | maŋgɨ ‘egg’ | |
| *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | i ŋg- ‘see’ | |
| *maŋgat ‘teeth, mouth’ | mɨka | |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | kɨm- ‘die’ | |
| *kma ‘neck, nape’ | kum ‘nape’ | |
| *kambena ‘arm’ | human | |
| *kindil ‘root’ | hɨnjɨlɨ kV ‘ear’ | hɨnji |
| *kin- ‘sleep, lie down’ | hɨni- ‘be, stay, exist’ | |
| *kutV ‘long’ | hutaŋ | |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | hɨmi- | |
| *kit ‘leg’ | gɨtɨ | |
| *mVkVm ‘cheek’ | mukum, Akɨ mɨhum | |
| *takVn ‘moon’ | lakun | |
| *kakV ‘ear’ | hɨnji | |
| *tumuk ‘to thunder’ | lɨmbɨ | |
| *kindil ‘root’ | hɨndɨlɨ |