Anti-mask law
Anti-mask or anti-masking laws are legislative or penal initiatives prohibiting the wearing of facial concealment in public places. Mask laws vary based on jurisdictions as well as varying with regard to intent, scope, and penalties from place to place.
North America
United States
There are anti-mask laws in many U.S. states and the District of Columbia.- New York State's anti-mask law was enacted in 1845, to provide for public safety after disputes between landlords and tenants.
- Many anti-mask laws date back to the mid-20th century, when states and municipalities passed them to stop the violent activities of the Ku Klux Klan, whose members typically wore hoods of white linen to conceal their identities.
- In the 21st century those laws have been applied to political protesters such as those affiliated with the Occupy Movement or Anonymous – wearing Guy Fawkes masks.
During the 1918 influenza pandemic in San Francisco, California, a group of citizens that included doctors and several city supervisors formed an "Anti-Mask League" after becoming frustrated with mandated mask-wearing.
Canada
- After several high-profile protests, the Canadian Parliament introduced Bill C-309, which bans the wearing of masks during a riot or other unlawful assembly. The bill became law on June 19, 2013. Those convicted of it face up to 10 years in prison.
- Canada's Criminal code, Section 351, also covers "Disguise with Intent", whereby "Every one who, with intent to commit an indictable offence, has his face masked or coloured or is otherwise disguised is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years". With some exceptions, an indictable offence in Canada is one that is subject to a fine of greater than $5,000 or imprisonment of more than six months.
- in 2017 a Quebec ban on face covering for transition and government services became publicized.
Europe
| State | Since | Limitations | Situations | Exceptions | Notes |
| Austria | 2002, 2017 | Burqas, niqabs, motorcycle full face helmets or face-covering scarves | Demonstrations, universities, public transportation or courthouses | Face covering for doing one's job | |
| Belgium | 2011 | Burqas, niqabs and other masks | In public | Upheld by the ECHR in 2017 | |
| Bulgaria | 2016 | Burqas, niqabs or other face-covering veils | Government offices, schools, cultural institutions and places of public recreation | Exceptions are allowed for health or professional reasons | National ban was preceded by local bans in Bulgarian towns |
| Denmark | 2000 | Hoods, masks, painting or the like or objects to cover one's face | Public assemblies | Masking to protect one's face against the weather | Does not apply in Greenland or the Faroe Islands |
| France | 2010 | Burqas, niqābs, motorcycle full face helmets, balaclavas, hoods and other face-covering veils | Public places | Full face helmets worn on motorcycles | Upheld by the ECHR in 2014 |
| Germany | 1985 | Items suitable and intended to prevent identification | Open-air public assemblies or other open-air public events or on the way there | Competent authorities may provide exemptions if there is no threat to public safety or public order | |
| Italy | 1975 | Any mask or clothing that obstructs identification | In public | Exceptions are allowed for a "justified cause" | There are disagreements whether one's religion is a "justified cause" |
| Netherlands | 2019 | Burqas, niqabs, motorcycle full face helmets, balaclavas | Public transport, in buildings and associated yards of educational, governmental and healthcare institutions | Face covering for doing one's job or sport, for health or security, in healthcare residences | In force since 1 August 2019 |
| Latvia | 2016 | Hoods, masks, burqas, niqabs or objects to cover one's face | Public places | Islamic face veil to be banned in Latvia | |
| Norway | 1995 | Masks | Public events such as demonstrations, marches, meetings, stands or similar | ||
| Spain | 2013 | Face-coverings | Public demonstrations | ||
| Sweden | 2005 | Face-coverings that complicate identification | Public demonstrations where public order is or may be disturbed | Does not apply to religion-motivated face-coverings, or when demonstrators are authorised to cover their faces |
Austria
In Austria since 2002 masking ban on demonstrations under § 9 of the Assembly Law. Violation of the ban need not be prosecuted if the mask does not threaten public order and security. Violation of the ban entails, according to § 19a.b of the Law, imprisonment up to six months, repeated offenses one year or a fine.Parliament approved new legislation on 16 May 2017, which stipulates that people who wear clothing that covers their faces, such as burqas, niqabs, full face helmets or scarves etc. in places like universities, public transportation or courthouses will face fines of 150 euros. The measure took effect in October 2017. Shortly after the enactment on 1 October 2017, there were some incidents in which people were incorrectly fined by the police, leading some commentators to point out flaws in the law, or incorrect understanding of it amongst the police.
Belgium
A Belgian law adopted in June 2011 prohibits appearing in public "with a face masked or hidden, in whole or in part, in such a way as to be unidentifiable". Violations can result in fines and up to seven days in jail. On 11 July 2017 the ban in Belgium was upheld by the European Court of Human Rights after having been challenged by two Muslim women who claimed their rights had been infringed.Denmark
Wearing masks during assemblies in a public place is illegal in Denmark. The Danish penal code § 134 b, which was inserted with effect from 3 June 2000, makes the violation punishable by a fine or up to six months imprisonment. Part 2 of § 134 b further criminalizes the possession of effects which must be viewed as intended to be used for masking in an assembly. The §134 b, part 3, exempts from penalty masking which is done to protect one's face against the weather. The ban does not apply in Greenland or the Faroe Islands.France
The French ban on face covering is an act of parliament passed by the Senate of France on 14 September 2010, resulting in the ban on the wearing of face-covering headgear, including masks, helmets, balaclava, niqābs and other veils covering the face in public places, except under specified circumstances.Germany
Since 1985, according to § 17a Abs. 2 Versammlungsgesetz it is prohibited to disguise one's identity in public meetings such as demonstrations so as to prevent identification by police. This violation can be fined with imprisonment up to one year.Italy
In Italy, a law issued in 1975 strictly forbids wearing of any attire that could hide the face of a person. Penalties are provided for such behaviour. The original purpose of the anti-mask law was to prevent crime or terrorism. The law allows for exemptions for a "justified cause", which has sometimes been interpreted by courts as including religious reasons for wearing a veil, but others –including local governments– disagree and claim religion is not a "justified cause" in this context.Latvia
In Latvia, a law issued in 2016 to ban niqab and burqa in entire country was passed by Latvian parliament.Netherlands
In the Netherlands, a first attempt towards a partial prohibition on face covering was made from 2012 to 2015, but the bill was struck down. A new attempt was made in the years after when a new bill was submitted on 27 November 2015. Eventually a limited anti-mask law was passed on 26 June 2018. The law is called Instelling van een gedeeltelijk verbod op het dragen van gezichtsbedekkende kleding in het onderwijs, het openbaar vervoer, overheidsgebouwen en de zorg . It is illegal to wear clothing which covers the entire face, or covered up to the point where only the eyes are uncovered, or renders the face unrecognisable, on public transport and in buildings and associated yards of educational institutions, governmental institutions and healthcare institutions. Frequently cited examples are a full face helmet, a balaclava, a burqa or a niqāb. Clothes exempt from the Act are:- those worn by clients, patients or their visitors in residential parts of healthcare institutions;
- those necessary for the protection of the body in relation to health or security;
- those necessary in relation to the requirements made to the performance of a profession or sport.
On 26 June 2018, the bill was passed in the Dutch Senate.
Norway
According to § 11, part 5 of the police statute from 1995, it is prohibited to be masked during an event taking place in public. Exempted from the prohibition are participants in theatre, masquerade or similar. In accordance with § 30 of the same law; violation is punishable by a fine or up to three months imprisonment.Russia
According to a Russian federal law "On assemblies, meetings, demonstrations, marches and picketing", Article 6 as of June 2012:- it is prohibited to wear masks and "any other means of hiding identity during public events;
- the organizer of an event must require all the people taking part not to use any means of hiding identity.
Spain
According to the November 2013 Citizens' Security Law, demonstration protesters who cover their faces may be fined up to €30,000.Sweden
According to the 2005 'Law on the Prohibition of masking in some cases', it is prohibited for participants in the demonstration to fully or partially cover the face in a way that complicates identification. This prohibition applies only if there are disturbances of public order at demonstrations, or if there is an immediate danger of such disturbances. The ban does not apply to the covering of the face for religious reasons. It also does not apply to the extent participants are authorized to fully or partially cover the face.Switzerland
In the cantons of Basel-Stadt, Zurich, Bern, Lucerne, Thurgau, Solothurn and St. Gallen, there are laws banning use of masks.Ukraine
Several days after Berkut riot police clashed with Euromaidan protesters, Verkhovna Rada enacted law 721-VII banning wearing masks, helmets or camouflage clothing by people taking part in a gathering, assembly, demonstration, protest, rally or other mass event. Fines for violating are monetary up to about $400 or administrative arrest up to 15 days. The law was repealed in January 2014.United Kingdom
For a century, covering or blacking one's face was a criminal act that could lead to the death penalty; the Black Act was repealed in 1823.Asia-Pacific
Australia
It is legal to wear a mask in public in Australia. Bikies are generally required to remove their helmets when entering a bank. A judge in New South Wales has ruled that a woman cannot give evidence in a niqāb. A Victorian judge extended the ban to wearing a niqāb in the public gallery.- In 2016, police in Victoria petitioned the government to make it illegal to wear a mask in public unless a person has a valid reason for doing so. This was in the context of alleged violent street demonstrations.
- New South Wales police can require a motorist to remove head coverings, including masks, for identification purposes.
Hong Kong
In addition, the law states that anyone who disobeys a police order to remove a mask could be sentenced to six months in jail and a HK$10,000 fine. Paint is also included in the definition of "face-covering". The legislation went into effect from midnight on 5 October until further notice, and the Hong Kong High Court refused to rule out an interim injunction order but the court will later decide whether to allow a judicial review into the invocation of the Emergency Regulations Ordinance.
In response to the government’s implementation of the law, netizens widely shared a speech by Edward Leung in a televised debate during the 2016 Legco election, “A few years ago, Ukraine passed an anti-mask law. Do you know what happened in Ukraine? A revolution started in Ukraine. You want to do it? Do it, we will fight till the end.”
Judicial review
On 18 November 2019, the High Court ruled s3,, and s5 of the PFCR failed the proportionality test as they placed restrictions on fundamental rights beyond intended goals. The judgement levelled criticism at various aspects including: the lack of a declared state of emergency to justify invoking the ERO, the law applies to both unlawful and lawful gatherings, the lack of a mechanism to distinguish the two, and the unwarranted breadth of the 'stop and unmask' power granted to police.The court also ruled that the ERO sections empowering the Chief-Executive-in Council to make laws "on any occasion of public danger" is incompatible with multiple articles of the Hong Kong Basic Law, however, constitutional status is open to question. The court also held the ordinance meets the "prescribed by law" requirement.
In response, the government said that it would stop enforcing the ban for the time being. A spokesman from the Chinese legislative affairs commission, however, stated that "Whether the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region comply with the Basic Law of Hong Kong can only be judged and decided by the standing committee of the National People’s Congress".
On 22 November 2019, the High Court made the following remark:
"Nevertheless, we recognise that our Judgment is only a judgment at first instance, and will soon be subject to an appeal to the Court of Appeal. In view of the great public importance of the issues raised in this case, and the highly exceptional circumstances that Hong Kong is currently facing, we consider it right that we should grant a short interim suspension order so that the respondents may have an opportunity to apply to the Court of Appeal, if so advised, for such interim relief as may be appropriate. Accordingly, we shall grant an interim temporary suspension order to postpone the coming into operation of the declarations of invalidity for a period of 7 days up to the end of 29 November 2019, with liberty to apply."
On 26 November 2019, the High Court announced hearing for the government appeal against the judgement is on 9 January 2020.
On 27 November 2019, the Court of Appeal extended the interim suspension of the judgment until 10 December 2019.
On 10 December 2019, the Court of Appeal refused to suspend the "unconstitutional" ruling by the Court of First Instance on the anti-mask regulation. As scheduled, a full hearing will commence on 9 January 2020.