Afanasy Nikolayevich Matushenko, was a non-commissioned officer in the Russian Black Sea Fleet, revolutionary socialist, and ringleader of the mutiny on the Russian battleship Potemkin. He was born into a peasant family in the village of Derhachi, eight miles northwest of Kharkiv. He lived in a tiny hut with his parents and five siblings. His father Nikolai was an ex-serf, earning money on the side as a cobbler. After the famine of 1891, Nikolai became an alcoholic. Afanasy, who had learned to read at 9, had to take up cobbling when he was 12. Matushenko managed to finish a church parish school. Since his childhood he was a friend of Hnat Khotkevych. At 15 he ran away to Kharkiv, became a railway oilman, and in 1896 he went to Odessa, and became a coalman on a steamship that took him to Vladivostok where he lived for two years as a railway machinist. In 1898, he became a docker at Rostov-on-Don, where he joined a Marxiststudy circle led by future Bolshevik Vladimir Petrov. On his 21st birthday, Afanasy was conscripted for seven years into the navy and sent to Sevastopol for four months of training. The harsh discipline alienated him from the officers. After training, he went to Kronstadt, near St. Petersburg, where he finished a course in torpedo machinery. In 1902, he was promoted to quartermaster on the Battleship Potemkin. Here he joined Tsentralka, the sailors' revolutionary organisation. Sailors looked up to him as a protector: "He would go through fire for his brother sailor", said one. On the morning of10 June 1905 Tsentralka met on Malakhov hill, just outside Sebastopol. Over 100 sailors were there. In March, they had already written "The Resolution of the Black Sea sailors" calling for the end of Tsarism and a Constituent assembly. They agreed the Black Sea fleet would mutiny on 21 June, though Matushenko had wanted the mutiny to start immediately. During the Potemkin mutiny Matushenko took part in the killing of Captain Golikov and Ippolit Giliarovsky. After mutinous sailors left ship in Constanza he lived in exile in Romania, Switzerland, US and France. In exile he met with various socialist leaders: Vladimir Lenin, Christian Rakovsky, Vladimir Posse, Maxim Gorky, Georgy Gapon and Boris Savinkov. Matushenko was not a member of any political party and had no distinct political views. Some considered his views close to social-democrats, while other thought him closer to SRs or anarchists. In June 1907 Matushenko returned to Russia under a false name. He was arrested by police, tried by a court in Sevastopol and sentenced to death. He was executed by hanging on 2 November 1907.
