Action of 8 May 1941
The Action of 8 May 1941 was a single ship action fought during the Second World War by the British heavy cruiser and the Kriegsmarine auxiliary cruiser /Schiff 33. The engagement took place in the Indian Ocean off the Seychelles archipelago, north of Madagascar. Pinguin caused slight damage to Cornwall, before its fire on Pinguin caused an explosion and sank it.
A British sailor was killed and about of the and Indian Merchant Navy prisoners on Pinguin, captured from over thirty merchant vessels, were also killed. Of the crew of killed and rescued along with the Merchant Navy prisoners. Cornwall returned to Durban for repairs until 10 June.
Background
HMS ''Cornwall''
Cornwall was a heavy cruiser of the Kent subclass, built in the mid-1920s. It had a displacement of, carried eight guns in four twin turrets, four anti-aircraft guns in two twin turrets, two four-barrel 2-pounder pom-pom guns and two machine guns. Cornwall had an aircraft catapult, three Supermarine Walrus amphibious aircraft and had a maximum speed of.''Pinguin''
The auxiliary cruiser Pinguin, was originally the freighter Kandelfels, which had been launched in 1936. After conversion to an auxiliary cruiser it became Schiff 33 to the Kriegsmarine. Pinguin was armed with six guns, a gun, two anti-aircraft guns, four autocannon, two torpedo tubes, 300 mines and an Arado Ar 196 A-1 floatplane. By 15 January, Pinguin had Norwegian merchant vessels by commerce raiding. It had captured three factory ships and 11 whalers belonging to the same whaling company. The prizes were sent to Occupied France where one was renamed and was used as minelayer for the German raiders in the South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. In April, Pinguin sank three British merchant ships in the Indian Ocean, close to the Equator.Prelude
After sinking Clan Buchanan on 28 April, Pinguin sailed north-west and on 4 May, fuelled and provisioned Adjutant, which was sent away to wait at a rendezvous near the Saya de Malha Bank. Just after on 7 May, Pinguin intercepted and sank the tanker British Emperor, which was on passage from Durban to Abadan, about east-south-east of Cape Guardafui. Emperor had sent a distress message and Cornwall, en route to refuel at the Seychelles Islands intercepted the message, when about south of the attack. Cornwall altered course to north-north-west and increased speed to. A plan was devised to catch the raider, using the Walrus spotter aircraft carried by Cornwall to close the raider's furthest on line and then search to cover the largest potential variations of the raiding ship's speed and course.Cornwall increased speed to, heading north between the Seychelles and the Chagos Archipelago. Vice-Admiral Ralph Leatham the Commander-in-Chief East Indies Station, ordered other ships to participate in the search. was sailing westwards at from Nine Degree Channel towards Socotra, while, which was north of Cape Guardafui, sailed for Eight Degree Channel, making for Colombo., steaming from the Gulf of Aden, passed Cape Guardafui that morning at, to a position about south-east of the headland. The ship then turned south-west at towards the Equator, about from the African coast. Farther west, the armed merchant cruiser, patrolled from the Equator to a position to the south-west.
On the afternoon of 7 May, the two aircraft on Cornwall flew reconnaissance sorties for three hours and then altered course to get on the line of the main Vignot search. This was plotted for a mean speed of for an hour after the time of the raider report, assuming that the raider needed an hour to sink British Emperor and then depart at full speed until dark. At Cornwall turned east-south-east and slowed to search on this line, before the moon set. At dawn, Cornwall sent both aircraft to search an area three knots on either side of the raider's estimated speed and turned east at . At on 8 May, one of the aircraft sighted a ship heading south-west at, about west of Cornwall but did not report the sighting, until landing at about At Cornwall altered course to about west-by-south and increased speed to. The second aircraft was launched again at and at it reported that the unknown ship was steaming at and had hoisted the signal letters of a Norwegian motor-vessel Tamerlane, which the raider resembled but was not on the list of expected ships.
Battle
Cornwall increased speed to then to. At an aircraft was launched to give the bearing, course and speed of the suspected ship by wireless; the ship became visible from Cornwall at The ship began transmitting raider reports, claiming to be Tamerlane. Despite orders to heave-to and two warning shots, the ship maintained course and speed for more than an hour, until the range was fewer than yards. At Cornwall turned to port and the suspected raider made a larger turn to port, opening fire with five guns just beforeDue to mechanical failures, Cornwall did not return fire for about two minutes and was frequently straddled by shells fired at a rapid rate, before firing two salvoes from the forward The fore steering gear of Cornwall was disabled by a shell hit and after going out of control for a moment, the after steering gear used. By all of Cornwall's guns had opened fire, with the advantage of superior range finders and director fire-control systems, instead of local gun control. A salvo hit Pinguin, which blew up at and sank north of the Seychelles, about from where it had sunk British Emperor.
Aftermath
Analysis
The commerce-raiding voyage of the Pinguin had lasted from 22 June 1940 – 8 May 1941 and the ship sank or captured of About of shipping was sent to Germany as prizes. Cornwall returned to Durban for repairs until 10 June; the tactics of the captain of Cornwall in shadowing, attempted to identify and closing with Pinguin was criticised by the Admiralty. The crew of Pinguin had been skilful in disguising the ship and it was difficult to approach a suspicious, yet unidentified ship. A raider had the tactical advantage in deciding when to open fire, before it was unmasked and investigating ships courted danger, if the vessel approached from a direction favourable to a raider's guns and torpedoes. Allied ships were given secret call-signs and a system was devised for the investigating ship to refer to the Admiralty by wireless to verify ship identities. The new methods made ship identification much easier but took months to implement and similar events occurred, when ships were either allowed to sail on and turned out to be raiders or were intercepted and sprang a surprise on the British warship.The success against Pinguin and other raiders was due to the navy Operational Intelligence Centre of the Naval Intelligence Division, at the Admiralty. The OIC tracked raiders, based on the position of the sinking of Allied merchant ships and by collating rare sightings and distress signals. German commerce-raiders kept radio silence, avoided common shipping routes, searching for independently routed vessels and tried to prevent their victims from transmitting wireless messages. From May to November 1941, the Germans lost Pinguin and two more commerce-raiders but Enigma decrypts by the Government Code and Cypher School was only involved in one sinking.
German commerce-raiders used the Heimische Gewässer Enigma settings, known as Dolphin to the British, before departing and when returning to Germany. The seven raiders at sea in May 1941 had sailed in 1940, before Enigma intelligence became available to the British. When at sea, Enigma-equipped raiders used the Ausserheimisch settings if they broke radio silence, which Hut 4 at Bletchley Park never managed to penetrate. Atlantis, the third raider lost in 1941, was sunk by on 22 November after the British read U-boat signals in the Heimische Gewässer setting, introduced in October 1941, to arrange a re-fuelling rendezvous.