Abba Estifanos or Ǝsṭifanos was an EthiopianChristianmonk from Tigray, itinerant preacher and martyr who is known for his reformation movement and as an early dissident of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Emperor Zara Ya'iqob in the 15th century. His followers were known as Stephanites and were known for advocating sola gratia, soli Deo gloria and for their asceticism. Over the course of a century of persecution by clergy and five consecutive kings following Zara Ya'iqob, membership in the Stephanites movement dwindled and vanished. Estifanos was a proponent of soli Deo gloria, which placed him at odds with Ethiopian Orthodox Church authorities and Emperor Zara Ya'iqob as his teachings deemed prostration as an act reserved to God alone and, hence, that the teaching of The Church of Ethiopia that prostration for the veneration of saints, angelic beings, religious icons and the monarch was wrong. His reformation movement took place close to seventy years prior to European Protestant reformation, but the similar tenets that it has with Protestantism and the exponential growth of Evangelicals membership in Ethiopia in the late 20th century has sparked a new interest in his life and that of his followers.
Early life and monasticism
Estifanos was born sometime around 1380 CE in a small village called Sebuha in the Tigray province of northern Ethiopia. His father, Berhanemeskel, was a renowned warrior soldier who died prior to Estifanos' birth. As a result, Estifanos was raised in his uncle's household and, in expectation that he would grow up to be a soldier, he was named Hadegeanbesa. However, during his adolescence he developed religious aspirations and, despite his mother's and relatives' urging, he ran away to join liturgical school. Estifanos was ordained a deacon at age 18 by the hands of Bishop Abuna Bartalomiwos at the liturgical school that he was attending. Following a long-held custom, he returned to his family once more following his ordination, said his farewell and went on a religious pilgrimage which led him to join the Qoyetsa monastery under Abbot Samuel. He acquired the name Estifanos during his ordination as a monk and obediently followed a path of extreme self-denial and asceticism in the hope of obtaining salvation. Ordained a priest at age 30, Estifanos pushed the boundaries of religious observance by fasting more, praying longer and taking pilgrimages to holy sites in a desperate attempt to find fulfillment and eternal life.
Reformation
It is generally held that it was a hermit by the name of Abba Gebre Nazrawi who had fled religious persecution in the province of Shoa due to his teachings on sola gratia, that first introduced Estifanos to the teaching that salvation is obtained by the grace of God through faith in the redemptive work of Jesus' crucifixion, and not of works. It was this notion that Estifanos took from Gebre Nazrawi and expounded through scriptural studies and meditations giving the hermit a theological framework for the teaching. Following his convictions, Estifanos started proclaiming the doctrine to fellow monks and then to the general public. Estifanos rapidly gained a number of followers, and despite his teaching on sola gratia, he developed an elaborate teaching on good works not as prerequisites for salvation but rather as fruits of salvation, that led him to denounce alcohol and promote self-denial to an extent that his opponents in the monastery could not keep up with. He developed a network of evangelists to carry out missionary work such as distributing his literature and manuscripts of the Bible and helping the needy. His lifestyle coupled with his teaching drew an ever growing number of adherents which were referred to as dekika estifa or simply Stephanites.
Growth and persecution
The first wave of persecution started at the monastery when the abbot, fuelled by the growing influence of Estifanos, had his leading disciple Abukerezun expelled from the monastery and Estifanos imprisoned on charges of heresy for three years. During his imprisonment, his disciple Abukerezun started a congregation of Stephanites to which Estifanos became a leader upon his release. In a few years the Stephanites had grown into nine congregations and fifteen sub-congregations, which were all actively engaged in the proliferation of Estifanos' literature and bible manuscripts and in agricultural projects for the impoverished. Although many aspects of Estifanos' life have been lost, it is known that it was during this period that he developed numerous doctrines which were at odds with the Ethiopian Orthodox Church including:
Rejection of prostration to religious icons.
Rejection of prostration to saints and angelic beings.
Rejection of prostration to the emperor Zera Ya'iqob.
Reorganization of Church buildings from being Sanctuary Temples to assembly halls.
Rejection of prayer to dead saints and angelic beings.
Emperor Zara Ya'iqob, who was himself an ex-monk and a professed religious scholar, took personal offense to Estifanos, especially being denied prostration from Estifanos was an area that aggravated the Emperor and resulted in Estifanos' numerous arrests and the persecution of the Stephanites. The persecutions range from martyrdom to losing fingers, limbs, tongues and other body parts. The most severe affliction came in the form of peeling off Stephanites' skin to inflict and maximize pain. There is a legend which suggests that the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church started the tradition of making the sign of the cross whenever one goes past a church in an attempt to distinguish Stephanites from among them for persecution.
Death
Hungry and exhausted from the torture that he received over a seven-month imprisonment, Estifanos died in prison due to lack of care and treatment around 1450. His gedel enunciates that he cried out Christ's name three times before his death. The emperor, enraged that he did not get the chance to inflict more pain upon Estifanos while he was alive, forbade his burial, and Estifanos' body was exposed for two years until finally his dried bones were buried at a nearby church.
Stephanites
Following the death of Estifanos, many Stephanites were captured, tortured and killed. Others were forced to renounce their affiliation with Estifanos and his teachings by the threat of death and some were sent away in exile. The emperor Zera Ya'iqob, upon not receiving prostration from the imprisoned Stephanites, ordered that the Stephanites be killed and that Estifanos' remains be dug up and burned. The cycle of persecution continued well into the 16th century, until the entire sect was eliminated.
Theology
Due to the burning of Estifanos' literature and books, we do not have the full volume of his teachings. The book The Ge'ez Acts of Abba Estifanos of Gwendagwende is one of the few surviving books from that era describing in detail the teachings and practices of Estifanos and the Stephanites. There are strong parallels in the teachings and practices of Estifanos with the early Protestant reformers. He removed the banner of monks and celebrated Christian liberty, he held a traditional view of the Trinity, stressed on holiness, and it has also been suggested at some levels he has thought and believed in sola scriptura even though he didn't use the exact words to formulate his teaching on the subject.
Myth
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church devotional book called Teamere Mariam, composed during the time of emperor Zera Ya'iqob, has a section dedicated to Estifanos and the Stephanites. It states that after the Stephanites were killed for denying prostration to the King, The Most Blessed Mary and the wooden cross, God in satisfaction sent down a glowing light upon a mountain for which they named the place Debre Berhan.
Legacy
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church claims that Estifanos was a heretic, but he is revered as a saint and a martyr by most Ethiopian Evangelicals, who also view him as the original leader of their movement and have in a number of books admired him and his teachings. There has also been an academic interest into his life and that of his followers in recent years. Some have called him "the first African Protestant" due to his teachings, but in the end his enduring legacy is as the person that started a reform movement over seventy years before the Protestant reformation.
