AD 1000
Year 1000 was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was a non-leap century year starting on Wednesday. It was also the last year of the 10th century as well as the last year of the 1st millennium of the Dionysian era ending on December 31st, but the first year of the 1000s decade.
The year falls well into the period of Old World history known as the Middle Ages; in Europe, it is sometimes and by convention considered the boundary date between the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages.
The Muslim world was in its Golden Age.
China was in its Song dynasty, Japan was in its classical Heian period.
India was divided into a number of lesser empires, such as the Chalukya Empire, Pala Empire, Chola dynasty, Yadava dynasty, etc.
Sub-Saharan Africa was still in the prehistoric period, although Arab slave trade was beginning to be an important factor in the formation of the Sahelian kingdoms.
The pre-Columbian New World was in a time of general transition in many regions. Wari and Tiwanaku cultures receded in power and influence while Chachapoya and Chimú cultures rose toward florescence in South America. In Mesoamerica, the Maya Terminal Classic period saw the decline of many grand polities of the Petén like Palenque and Tikal yet a renewed vigor and greater construction phases of sites in the Yucatán region like Chichén Itzá and Uxmal. Mitla, with Mixtec influence, became the more important site of the Zapotec, overshadowing the waning Monte Albán. Cholula flourished in central Mexico, as did Tula, the center of Toltec culture.
World population is estimated to have been between c. 250 and 310 million.
Events
Christendom
In continental Europe, the Holy Roman Empire established itself as the most powerful state.Otto III made a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno, stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno was part of his pilgrimage. In Rome, he built the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, to host the relics of St. Bartholomew.
In France, Robert II, the son of Hugh Capet, was the first of the Capetian kings.
The Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty was engaged in a long and hard war with the First Bulgarian Empire. In the year 1000, the Byzantine generals Theodorokanos and Nikephoros Xiphias captured the former Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and Great Preslav, along with Little Preslav, extending Byzantine control over the northeastern portion of the Bulgarian state. At the same time, Byzantium was instrumental in the Christianization of the Kievan Rus' and of other medieval Slavic states.
In Great Britain, a unified Kingdom of England had developed out of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
In Scandinavia, Christianization was in its early stages, with the Althingi of the Icelandic Commonwealth embracing Christianity in the year 1000.
On September 9, King Olaf Tryggvason was defeated by Denmark and Sweden in the Battle of Svolder.
Sweyn I established Danish control over part of Norway. Oslo, Norway, was founded.
The Papacy during this time was in a period of decline, in retrospect known as the saeculum obscurum or "pornocracy", a state of affairs that would result in the Great Schism later in the 11th century.
Hungary was established in 1000 as a Christian state. In the next centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary became the pre-eminent cultural power in the Central European region. On December 25, Stephen I was crowned as the first King of Hungary in Esztergom.
Sancho III of Navarre became King of Aragon and Navarre. The Reconquista was gaining some ground, but the southern Iberian peninsula would still be dominated by Islam for centuries to come; Córdoba at this time was the world's largest city with 450,000 inhabitants.
It is known that in or around this year, Norse explorer Leif Ericson became the first European to land in the Americas, at L'Anse aux Meadows in modern-day Newfoundland.
- The Château de Goulaine vineyard was founded in France.
- The archdiocese in Gniezno was founded; the first archbishop was Gaudentius, from Slavník's dynasty, and dioceses in Kołobrzeg, Kraków and Wrocław.
- The Bell foundry was founded in Italy by Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli.
Muslim world
Persia was in a period of instability, with various polities seceding from Abassid rule, among whom the Ghaznavids would emerge as the most powerful.
The Islamic world was reaching the peak of its historical scientific achievements.
Important scholars and scientists who flourished in AD 1000 include Abu al-Qasim, Ibn Yunus, Abu Sahl al-Quhi, Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abu al-Wafa, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Al-Muqaddasi, Ali Ibn Isa, and al-Karaji.
Ibn al-Haytham, Avicenna, and Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, who all flourished around the year 1000, are considered to be among the greatest scientists of the Middle Ages altogether.
The Turkic migration by this time had reached Eastern Europe, and most of the Turkic tribes had been Islamized.
Largest cities
- Córdoba, Caliphate of Córdoba – 450,000
- Kaifeng, Song Dynasty – 400,000
- Constantinople, Byzantine Empire – 300,000
- Angkor, Khmer Empire – 200,000
- Kyoto, Heian Period – 175,000
- Cairo, Fatimid Caliphate – 135,000
- Baghdad, Buyid Dynasty – 125,000
- Nishapur, Ghaznavid Dynasty – 125,000
- Al-Hasa, Qarmatian State – 110,000
- Patan, Chaulukya Dynasty – 100,000
Births
- June 22 - Robert I, duke of Normandy
- Adalbert, duke of Upper Lorraine
- Adalbert, archbishop of Hamburg
- Argyrus, Byzantine general
- Berthold II, duke of Carinthia
- Constantine IX, Byzantine emperor
- Dominic of Silos, Spanish abbot
- Egbert, German Benedictine abbot
- Duthac, patron saint of Tain
- Gilbert, Norman nobleman
- Guigues I, French nobleman
- Irmgardis, German noblewoman and saint
- John Mauropous, Byzantine hymnographer
- Kyiso, Burmese king of the Pagan Dynasty
- Liudolf, German nobleman
- Lý Thái Tông, Vietnamese emperor
- Michael I, Byzantine patriarch
- Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, Fatimid scholar
- Otto Bolesławowic, Polish prince
- Qawam al-Dawla, Buyid governor
- Robert de Turlande, French priest
- Rotho, bishop of Paderborn
- Sylvester III, pope of the Catholic Church
- Uta von Ballenstedt, margravine of Meissen
- William V, count of Auvergne
- Yi Yuanji. Chinese painter
Deaths
- May 17 - Ramwold, German Benedictine monk and abbot
- September 9 - Olaf Tryggvason, king of Norway
- Abu'l Haret Ahmad, Farighunid ruler
- Abu-Mahmud Khojandi, Persian astronomer and mathematician
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, Persian physician, mathematician and astronomer
- Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi, Persian physician
- Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Arab traveller and writer
- Ælfthryth, English queen and wife of Edgar I
- Barjawan, vizier and regent of the Fatimid Caliphate
- Fantinus, Italian hermit and abbot
- García Sáchez II, king of Pamplona
- Gosse Ludigman, governor of Friesland
- Huyan Zan, Chinese general of the Song Dynasty
- Ivar of Waterford, Norse Viking king of Dublin
- Jacob ibn Jau, Andalusian-Jewish silk-manufacturer
- Judah ben David Hayyuj, Moroccan-Jewish linguist
- Malfrida, Russian Grand Princess consort of Kiev
- Manfred I, Frankish nobleman
- Masako, Japanese empress consort
- Minamoto no Shigeyuki, Japanese waka poet
- Shahriyar III, Bavand ruler of Tabaristan
- Tyra of Denmark, queen consort of Norway
- Ukhtanes of Sebastia, Armenian historian
- Wulfhilda of Barking, English nun and abbess