1955 in poetry

Events

• April - Wallace Stevens is baptized a Catholic by the chaplain of St. Francis Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut, where Stevens spends his last days suffering from terminal cancer. After a brief release from the hospital, Stevens is readmitted and dies on August 2 at the age of 76.
• July 30 - Philip Larkin makes a train journey in England from Hull to Grantham which inspires his poem The Whitsun Weddings. His collection The Less Deceived is published in November.
• The Group, a British poetry movement, starts meeting in London with gatherings taking place once a week, on Friday evenings, at first at Philip Hobsbaum's flat and later at the house of Edward Lucie-Smith. The poets gather to discuss each other's work, putting into practice the sort of analysis and objective comment in keeping with the principles of Hobsbaum's Cambridge tutor F. R. Leavis and of the New Criticism in general. Before each meeting about six or seven poems by one poet are typed, duplicated and distributed to the dozen or so participants.
• The Movement poets as a group in Britain come to public notice this year in Robert Conquest's anthology New Lines. The core of the group consists of Philip Larkin, Elizabeth Jennings, D. J. Enright, Kingsley Amis, Thom Gunn and Donald Davie. They are identified with a hostility to modernism and internationalism, and look to Thomas Hardy as a model. However, both Davie and Gunn later move away from this position.
• Henry Rago becomes editor of Poetry magazine in the United States.

  Beat poets

• July 19 - Beat poet Weldon Kees's Plymouth Savoy is found on the north side of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco with the keys in the ignition. When his friends go to search his apartment, all they find are the cat he had named Lonesome and a pair of red socks in the sink. His sleeping bag and savings account book are missing. He has left no note. No one is sure if Kees, 41, jumped off the bridge that day or if he went to Mexico. Before his disappearance, Kees quoted Rilke to friend Michael Grieg, ominously saying that sometimes a person needs to change his life completely.
• October 7 - The "Six Gallery reading" takes place in San Francisco with Kenneth Rexroth acting as M.C., Philip Lamantia, Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, and Philip Whalen read, and the event includes Allen Ginsberg's first reading of Howl ; the reading brings together the East and West Coast factions of the Beat Generation, is the first important public manifestation of the poetry movement and helps to herald the West Coast literary revolution that becomes known as the San Francisco Renaissance. In the audience a totally drunken Jack Kerouac refuses to read his own work but cheers on the others, shouting "Yeah! Go! Go!" during their performances.

  Works published in English

Canada">Canadian poetry">Canada

• Eldon Grier, A Morning from Scraps
• Irving Layton, The Blue Propeller. Toronto: Contact Press.
• Irving Layton, The Cold Green Element. Toronto: Contact Press.
• Dorothy Livesay, New Poems. Toronto: Emblem Books.
• Sir Charles G.D. Roberts, Selected Poems, edited by Desmond Pacey, posthumously published
• Raymond Souster, For What Time Slays. Toronto: Contact Press.
• Miriam Waddington, The Second Silence
• Wilfred Watson, Friday's Child
• Anne Wilkinson, The Hangman Ties the Holly

  New Zealand">New Zealand literature">New Zealand

• James K. Baxter:
• * The Fire and the Anvil, critical study, based on three Macmillan Brown lectures on poetry at Victoria University in 1954, criticism
• * Traveller’s Litany, a long poem published in pamphlet form
• J. R. Hervey, She Was My Spring
• Kendrick Smithyman, The Gay Trapeze, Wellington: Handcraft Press

  United Kingdom">English poetry">United Kingdom

• W. H. Auden, The Shield of Achilles, first published in the United States
• Austin Clarke, Ancient Lights
• Robert Conquest, Poems
• Patric Dickinson, The Scale of Things
• W. S. Graham, The Nightfishing
• Robert Graves, Collected Poems 1955, revisions and reprintings of previously published poems; among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year" in The New York Times Book Review
• Elizabeth Jennings, A Way of Looking
• Philip Larkin, The Less Deceived, Hessle, East Yorkshire: Marvell Press
• Norman MacCaig, Riding Lights
• Hugh MacDiarmid, pen name of Christopher Murray Grieve, In Memoriam James Joyce
• Edith Anne Robertson, Poems Frae the Suddron
• Iain Crichton Smith, The Long River
• Stephen Spender, Collected Poems, 1928–1953, what he considers his best poems, selected and revised; among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year" in The New York Times Book Review
• R. S. Thomas, Song at the Year's Turning, introduction by John Betjeman
• Charles Tomlinson, The Necklace

  United States">Poetry of the United States">United States

• A.R. Ammons, Ommateum with Doxology, his first book
• W. H. Auden, The Shield of Achilles, a book of 28 pastoral and devotional poems ; among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year" in The New York Times Book Review.
• Elizabeth Bishop, Poems: North & South — A Cold Spring, ; among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year" in The New York Times Book Review.
• Paul Blackburn, The Dissolving Fabric, Highlands, North Carolina: The Divers Press
• Kenneth Burke, Book of Monuments: Poems 1915-1954
• John Ciardi, As If
• Robert P. Tristram Coffin, Selected Poems, among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year" in The New York Times Book Review.
• Gregory Corso, The Vestal Lady on Brattle and Other Poems
• Louis Coxe, The Second Man
• Emily Dickinson, The Complete Poems, three volumes
• Robert Creeley, All That is Lovely in Man
• Emily Dickinson, The Poems of Emily Dickinson, three volumes, edited by Thomas H. Johnson; a "definitive edition of the Dickinson poems with variant readings critically compared," according to the New York Times Book Review, which listed it among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year".
• Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Pictures of the Gone World
• Isabella Gardner, Birthdays from the Ocean, her first collection; among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year" in The New York Times Book Review.
• William Graham, The Nightfishing
• Donald Hall, Exiles and Marriages
• Robert Hughes, Collected Poems
• Randall Jarrell, Selected Poems
• Josephine Miles, Prefabrications
• Howard Nemerov, The Salt Garden
• John Crowe Ransom, Poems and Essays
• Adrienne Rich, The Diamond Cutters and Other Poems
• Louis Simpson, Good News of Death
• William Carlos Williams, Journey to Love

  Criticism, scholarship, and biography in the United States

• Carl Sandburg, Prairie-town boy

  Other in English

• A. D. Hope, The Wandering Islands
• D. Stewart and N. Keesing, editors, Australian Bush Ballads, anthology

  Works published in other languages

France">French poetry">France

• Guillaume Apollinaire, pen name of Wilhelm Apollinaris de Kostrowitzky, Poèmes à Lou,, posthumously published
• Pierre Oster, Le Champ de mai
• Jacques Prévert, La Pluie et le beau temps
• Roger-Arnould Rivière, L'Équerre
• Victor Segalen, Stèles, Peintures, Équipée
• Jean Tortel, Naissance de l'objet
• Tristan Tzara, pen name of Sami Rosenstock, Le temps naissant
• Tchicaya U Tam'si, Mauvais sang

  India">Indian poetry">India

Gujarati">Gujarati poetry">Gujarati

• Balumukund Dave, Parikrama, Gujarati
• Natvarlal Kuberdas Pandya, Prasun, the author's first collection of poems
• Ramnarayan Vishvanath Pathak, Brhat Pingal, a study of the history and structure of Gujarati prosody
• Venibhai Purohit, Sinjarav, the author's first collection of poems

  Oriya">Oriya poetry">Oriya

• Krushnachandra Tripathy, Ahuti
• Mohan Upendra Thakur, Phuldali
• Narendranath Misra, Balarama Dasa O Oriya Ramayana, critical study of Balaram Das, the 15th-century poet-saint and author of the most popular Ramayana in the Oriya language

  Other languages of the Indian subcontinent

• Amrita Pritam, Sunehure, Punjabi
• Birendra Chattopadhyay, Ulukhagdar Kabita, Bengali
• C. Narayanan Nair, translator, Kannaki-Kovalam, translation into Sanskrit from the Silappadikaram, a Tamil-language poem
• Dina Nath Walli, also known as "Almast", Bala Yepari, lyrics on rural themes, mostly in the vatsun form; Kashmiri
• Hitanarayan Jha, Kavivar Canda Jha O Wordsworthak prakrtiprem, a comparative study of Chanda Jha and William Wordsworth's love of nature; Maithili
• Jaswant Singh Neki, Asle Te Ohle, Punjabi
• Kalachand Shastri Chingorgban, Manipuri Mahabharat, translation into Meitei from the Sanskrit Mahabharat, in 20 volumes, published from this year to 1980
• Krishnakanta Mishra, Maithili Sahityak Itihas, history of Maithili literature
• Lekhraj Aziz, Gul Va Khar, study of prosody and the rules of Islamic meters, including examples from various works by modern Sindhi poets
• Ram Nath Shastri, translator, Niti Sataka, translation into Dogri from the Sanskrit poems of Bhartrihari
• Sri Naunram Samskarta, Dasa dev, Rajasthani
• Sudhindranath Datta, translator, Pratidhvani, translation into Bengali from English, French and German poems, including verses by Shakespeare, Mallarme and Heine
• V. R. M. Chettiyar, Kavinan Kural, literary essays on Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ralph Waldo Emerson, William Shakespeare, William Wordsworth, Bharatidasan, Mutiyaracan among others; Tamil

  Other languages

• Simin Behbahani, Chelcheragh, Persia
• Alberto de Lacerda, 77 Poems, Portuguese poet published in English, translations by poet and Arthur Waley
• H. E. Holthusen and F. Kemp, editors, Ergriffenes Dasein: deutsche Lyrik 1900-1950, anthology, Germany
• Henryk Jasiczek, Obuszkiem ciosane, Poland
• Alexander Mezhirov, Возвращение, Soviet Union
• Giorgos Seferis, Ημερολόγιο Καταστρώματος ΙΙΙ, Greece
• Yoshioka Minoru, 静物, Japan

  Awards and honors

• Frost Medal: Leona Speyer
• National Book Award for Poetry: Wallace Stevens, The Collected Poems
• Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Wallace Stevens: Collected Poems
• Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Ruth Pitter
• Bollingen Prize: Léonie Adams and Louise Bogan
• Fellowship of the Academy of American Poets: Rolfe Humphries
• Canada: Governor General's Award, poetry or drama: Friday's Child, Wilfred Watson
• Vachel Lindsay Prize : Violet Ranney Lang

  Births

• January 1 - Mir Tanha Yousafi, Pakistani Punjabi and Urdu writer
• February 2 - Leszek Engelking, Polish poet
• February 22 - Yang Lian 杨炼, Swiss-born Chinese poet associated with the Misty Poets
• March 19 - John Burnside, Scottish poet and fiction writer
• March 27 - Lisa Zeidner, American poet
• April 4 - Margaret Lindsay Holton, Canadian designer and writer
• April 17 - Erin Mouré, Canadian poet
• April 22 - Marie Uguay, French-Canadian poet
• May 13 - Mark Abley, Canadian poet, journalist, editor and non-fiction writer
• July 5
• * Sebastian Barry, Irish novelist, playwright and poet
• * Mia Couto, Mozambican Portuguese-language fiction writer and poet
• July 6 - William Wall, Irish novelist, poet and short story writer
• July 12 - Robin Robertson, Scottish-born poet, novelist and editor
• June 15 - Les Wicks, Australian poet
• June 25 - Patricia Smith, African-American poet, "spoken-word performer", playwright, author and writing teacher
• September 13 - Hiromi Itō, Japanese poet
• October 19 - Jason Shinder, American poet, editor, anthologist and teacher, founder of Y.M.C.A. National Writer’s Voice program, one of the country’s largest networks of literary-arts centers, at one time an assistant to Allen Ginsberg
• October 26 - Michelle Boisseau, American poet
• December 23 - Carol Ann Duffy, Scottish poet
• Also:
• * Marilyn Chin, American poet
• * Chris Edwards, Australian poet
• * Paula Green, New Zealand poet
• * Jennifer Harrison, Australian psychiatrist, poet and photographer
• * Paula Meehan, Irish poet
• * Kim Morrissey, Canadian poet and playwright
• * Wang Xiaoni, Chinese poet
• * Dean Young, American poet
• * Ouyang Yu, Australian poet, novelist, writer, translator and academic

  Deaths

• January 1 - Mizuho Ōta 太田水穂, pen-name of Teiichi Ōta 太田 貞, occasionally also using alternative pen name "Mizuhonoya", 78, Shōwa period Japanese poet and literary scholar
• January 19 - Kenneth Mackenzie, writing fiction as Seaforth Mackenzie, 41, Australian poet and novelist
• January 20 - Robert P. Tristram Coffin, 62, American poet, essayist and novelist
• March 10 - Brian Vrepont, Australian poet
• June 19 - Adrienne Monnier, 63, French poet and publisher
• July 18 - Weldon Kees, 41, American poet, critic, novelist, short story writer, painter and composer
• August 2 - Wallace Stevens, 75, American poet
• November 12 - Tin Ujević, 64, Croatian poet
• December 30 - Rex Ingamells, 42, Australian poet influential in the Jindyworobak Movement