1263

By area

Europe

Northern and eastern Europe

• July - Scottish–Norwegian War: Haakon IV of Norway sets sail to defend the Hebrides, against Alexander III of Scotland.
• October 2 - Battle of Largs: an inconclusive battle in the Scottish–Norwegian War fought in Scotland, between kings Haakon IV of Norway and Alexander III of Scotland.
• Mindaugas, the only Christian king of Lithuania, is assassinated by his cousin Treniota.
• The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to pledge fealty to the King of Norway, bringing a more complete end to the Icelandic Commonwealth and the Age of the Sturlungs.
• Hulagu Khan is defeated in an attempted invasion, north of the Caucasus.
• Based on Magdeburg Law, Żnin is given city rights.

  Mediterranean

• First half of the year - Battle of Settepozzi: A Venetian fleet defeats a superior Genoese-Byzantine fleet.
• King James I of Aragon conquers Crevillente, Spain from the Moors during the Reconquista.
• Alfonso X of Castile conquers Niebla from Ibn Mahfuz, thus terminating any Muslim presence in the western part of the peninsula.
• Genoa captures the city of Chania on Crete, from the Venetians.

  By topic

Arts and culture

• The Savoy Palace is constructed in London by Peter II, Count of Savoy.

  Education

• Balliol College, Oxford is founded by John I de Balliol.

  Markets

• Edward, heir to the throne of England, seizes £10,000, which had been deposited to the trust of the Knights Templar in London, by foreign merchants and English magnates.
• The Bonsignori firm gains the full market of the transfer of fiscal revenue, from the papal estates to Rome.

  Religion

• Nahmanides, chief rabbi of Catalonia, defends the Talmud in an important disputation against Pablo Christiani, before King James I of Aragon.
• The doctrines of theologian Joachim of Fiore are condemned as heresy by the Roman Catholic Church, at a synod in Arles.