1221 1221 was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar .Events January - The Mongol army under Jochi captures the city of Gurganj, and massacres the inhabitants, reported by contemporary scholars as being over a million. February - The oasis city of Merv on the Silk Road is sacked by the Mongols under Tolui , at the orders of Genghis Khan . Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in a genocide . February 4 - The city of Nizhny Novgorod is founded by Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir . May 13 - Emperor Juntoku is forced to abdicate, and is briefly succeeded by his 2-year-old son Emperor Chūkyō , on the throne of Japan . Ex-Emperor Go-Toba leads the unsuccessful Jōkyū War , against the Kamakura shogunate . June 16 - The Jews of Erfurt, Germany are massacred, after a ritual murder libel . A crowd storms the synagogue where the Jews have gathered. The threat is baptism or death. The Jewish quarter , including the synagogue, is razed; many Jews are tortured and killed. Among the martyrs are Shem Tov ha-Levi, and Rabbi and Mrs. Shmuel Kalonymos. This day will be observed as a fast day for many years. July 29 - 10-year-old Emperor Go-Horikawa ascends to the Chrysanthemum Throne of Japan. Mid-December - John III Doukas Vatatzes becomes Byzantine Emperor . A large and highly efficient Mongol army, dispatched under Subutai by Genghis Khan to Georgia , defeats two Georgian armies around Tbilisi , but lacks the will or equipment to besiege the city. Genghis Khan enters the Indus Valley in modern-day Pakistan . Majd al-Mulk al-Muzaffar, the grand vizier of Khorasan , is killed in a genocide by the Mongol invaders. The Maya of the Yucatán revolt against the rulers of Chichen Itza . Nizari Ismaili emissaries meet Genghis Khan in Balkh . Sultan al-Kamil , son of al-Adil , who was a brother of Saladin , offers Jerusalem to the Crusaders for ten years in return for Damietta , which the Crusaders eventually give up , in exchange for a safe retreat from the Nile Delta. Births October 9 - Salimbene di Adam , Italian chronicler November 23 - King Alfonso X of Castile Bonaventure , Italian theologian and saint Margaret of Provence , queen consort of France Boleslaus the Pious , Duke of Greater Poland Alexander Nevsky , Grand Prince of Novgorod and VladimirDeaths August 6 - Saint Dominic , Spanish founder of the Dominicans October 4 - William IV, Count of Ponthieu October 21 - Alix, Duchess of Brittany regnant Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk , English courtier Hassan III of Alamut , Nizari Isma'ili imam Mutukan , first son of Chagatai Khan
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