Škoda Fabia


The Škoda Fabia is a supermini car produced by Czech manufacturer Škoda Auto since 1999. It is the successor of the Škoda Felicia, which was discontinued in 2001. The Fabia was available in hatchback, estate and saloon body styles at launch, and since 2007, the second generation is offered in hatchback and estate versions. The third generation Fabia was launched in 2015.

First generation (''Typ'' 6Y; 1999–2007)

The first generation Fabia was officially presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1999 and production of this model started in October the same year. The estate version Fabia Combi was introduced in September 2000 at the Paris Motor Show. It was the first model to use the Volkswagen Group's A04 platform, which it shared with the Volkswagen Polo Mk4 and SEAT Ibiza. In the United Kingdom, for 2000, this car won What Car?'s "Car of the Year".
The range started with the 1.0 8v Classic to the 1.9 PD TDi VRS.
Part of the Fabia's success was the fact that all of its mechanical parts were developed by or in conjunction with Volkswagen, but were offered in a package that is priced to undercut other models in the Volkswagen Group. The only traces of non-VW Škoda left in the Fabia are the 1.0 and 1.4 8v "MPI" engines, which were modifications to Škoda's own 1.3 engine, and were used in pre-Volkswagen Škodas such as the Estelle and Favorit.
In 2004 the Fabia received a facelift, with changed front fog lights and grille, slightly different rear lights, new steering wheel and revised specification levels. The VRS also had its final gearbox ratio changed. Most importantly, the Sport model was added, with the 1.4 petrol being offered with a manual transmission. This engine was quickly dropped for the 1.2 HTP, which while not as powerful, was a much more free revving engine giving a more sporty feel and flexible drive. The Sport also had its specification changed to include red seat belts and sunset privacy glass from the B pillar to the rear.
Again in 2006, the Fabia range was shown at the Geneva Motor Show had minor specification revisions. These include a center rear headrest, a central three-point seatbelt and an additional four bodywork colours. The 1.4 16v petrol engine was replaced with a more powerful 1.4 16v engine.

Engines

The term MPI is used by Škoda to differentiate from 16v models and FSI engines. The version of the 1.4 16v was only mated to Volkswagen's four-speed automatic transmission with fuzzy logic operation until the addition of earlier Sport models which mated it with a manual transmission. The 1.4 8v was dropped in 2003. The Fabia's overall performance and fuel consumption figures fall behind other city cars and small family cars as it is larger and heavier. However, the 1.2 HTP engine was developed specifically for the Fabia and offers better performance and fuel economy, and was later used in Volkswagen's own Polo due to its high acclaim. It was also the highest displacement 3 cylinder petrol engine until 2014 and BMW's 1.5 litre 3 cylinder turbo engine.

Trim levels

At launch, the Fabia was available in three trim levels: Classic, Comfort, and Elegance. Later in the Fabia's life the mid-range Comfort model was dropped for the name Ambiente to fit in with the rest of the range. Other models available throughout the car's lifespan included Ambiente SE, Blackline, Silverline, Sport, Bohemia and VRS. Various safety features and minor changes were made over time. Easy and Junior models were sold in Eastern European markets where the buying power is lower. Some of these Fabias do not have painted bumpers, side mirrors or gloveboxes. The Junior didn't have power steering and the steering wheel was 'borrowed' from Octavia I. Because of that, it was slightly bigger, with a diameter of 380 mm instead of the regular 370 mm found on all the other Fabia models. Also sold in such markets is the Fabia Praktik, which is a panel van version of the Fabia with the rear windows and seats removed. A lesser powered version of the 1.4 MPI with just is also sold in Eastern Europe.
The downfall of this weaker engine was that it struggled to shift the weighty car. Unless on flat surfaces it struggled to achieve higher than 30MPG.

Fabia VRS

Introduced in 2003, the Fabia VRS, while not the first diesel hot hatch, was the first exclusively diesel hot hatch, having no petrol equivalent. The engine is Volkswagen Group's 1.9 litre Pumpe-Düse Turbocharged Direct Injection diesel engine, producing and at 1900 rpm, with a six-speed manual gearbox. It was named the "Diesel Car of the Year 2003" in the Scottish Car of the Year Awards. It also falls in a low tax band in the UK, further increasing its cost benefits over its counterparts.
Official figures state 0 to 100 km/h takes 9.6 seconds, but several motoring magazines and websites have measured faster times . The in gear acceleration times are 50–70 mph in 5.6 seconds, quicker than BMW's 330i which takes 6.0 seconds. 20–40 mph in 2.4 seconds is as quick as the Lotus Elise 111R. Despite this the Fabia VRS can achieve better than. The Fabia VRS has a top speed of.
The VRS was shown to be quicker than a similarly priced MINI Cooper around Top Gear's and Fifth Gear's test tracks.
In 2007 1,000 Special Edition Fabia VRS models were produced featuring individually numbered black leather seats with blue piping, sporty red brake callipers, "Race Blue" metallic paint, cruise control, darkened rear windows and a six CD autochanger. This model was known as the Fabia VRS SE.
The last Mk1 Fabia VRS came off the production line in March 2007 – being UK 2007/07 registered. There is also a 2009 version, which is believed to be a late registration.
According to Škoda UK, there were only 22 of these 2007 registered marks.

Second generation (''Typ'' 5J; 2007–2014)

The second generation Fabia was officially presented at the Geneva Auto Show in March 2007 and was sold from April 2007. It still uses the PQ24 platform. The car is however slightly larger than its predecessor and takes styling cues from the Roomster, Škoda's small MPV. The exterior of the two cars, Roomster and Fabia, were designed simultaneously to create synergies by Thomas Ingenlath and Peter Wouda.
The estate variant was officially announced in August 2007 and was introduced at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2007. Compared with the first generation the new Combi is longer, higher and the boot has grown by 54 litres. The engine portfolio is the same as the hatchback version, without the 1.2 44 kW one.
The initial petrol engine line-up was a mixture of newer engines from Audi and some carry-overs from the outgoing model. In comparison to the 1st-generation Fabia, both basic 1.2-litre 3-cylinders gained 4 kW each: new power peak was 44 kW, and 51 kW. There was only a single 1.4-litre 16v petrol on this model, producing 63 kW. The range-topping petrol engine was the 1.6-litre 4-cylinder with variable valve timing producing 77 kW. There was also an option to mate this engine with a 6-speed tiptronic transmission sourced from Aisin.
The diesel range featured the same 51 kW and 59 kW 1.4-litre Pumpe-Düse 3-cylinders from the predecessor model. The top-of-the-range diesel was a 1.9-litre Pumpe-Düse 4-cylinder producing 77 kW.
The second generation Fabia trim levels were Classic, Ambiente, Sport and Elegance. In the UK the trim levels were called 1, 2, Sport, 3, and GreenLine. In India, the trim levels were Active, Classic, Ambiente and Elegance. All models sold within the EU were equipped with ABS, front passenger, driver and side airbags. Curtain airbags and ESC were available as an option.
Though the sedan body, and the VRS version were discontinued, the 2nd-generation Fabia offered variety of new choices. The GreenLine model was the most environmentally-friendly Fabia, with 59 kW 1.4-litre diesel 3-cylinder consuming 4.1 l/100 km, which is 109 g of CO2 per km. At the Frankfurt International Motor Show 2007 Škoda presented near-production-state design study of the Fabia Scout: a rugged version of the Fabia Combi. However, it was until May 2009 when this car finally started to roll off the production line in Mladá Boleslav. The new-generation Fabia featured a specific design element: a roof in different colour than the rest of the body was available as an option.

Facelift

The facelifted Fabia and Fabia Combi were premiered at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show. The updated version can be easily distinguished from prior versions by the different shape of the front bumper and front fog lights. The facelift to the second-generation Fabia also brought Xenon headlights as standard on higher end models. Inside, new steering wheels were a noticeable difference. Though their shape remained the same, headlights with a projector module underwent technical changes: for full beam, a separate reflector is fitted on the inner side of the lamp, while the projector module is on the outer side.
The engine line-up was updated along with a facelift, too. 1.2-litre TSI turbocharged petrol engines came as a replacement of the previous 1.4 and 1.6-litre MPI engines, providing significant improvements to fuel consumption and corresponding reductions in CO2 emissions. The Aisin automatic transmission previously used was also replaced with the 7-speed DSG dual-clutch gearbox, providing a reduction of over 30% in CO2 emissions for the 77 kW automatic derivative. Diesel engines were updated to the common rail system and four-valve technology.
With the facelift a sports VRS version returned to the range, now available as both hatchback and estate. This model features the same 1.4-litre twin-charged petrol engine as the Volkswagen Polo Mk5 GTI, producing 132 kW and is mated with a 7-speed DSG dual-clutch transmission as standard. With top speed 226 km/h, this is the fastest production Fabia ever. The VRS had its own version of the cake advertisement – ‚Mean Green‘, with a darker rock version of "My Favorite Things".
The GreenLine model received new technology, as well. Manufacturer's combined consumption for the Fabia GreenLine with brand-new 55 kW 1.2-litre 3-cylinder diesel engine is 3.4 l/100 km, which is 88 g CO2 per km. Gerhard Plattner, Austrian economy driver, managed to reach on a single tank of fuel, that is 2.21 l/100 km.
New to the lot was Monte Carlo version for both Fabia and Fabia Combi, using design features if the presented at 2009 Geneva Motor Show.
, Škoda revealed Fabia VRS 2000 design study based on Super 2000 rally car.
4 May 2012 Škoda produced 3-millionth Fabia. The number included 1,788,063 1st-generation cars, and another 1,211,937 2nd-generation Fabias.

Marketing

United Kingdom

For the launch of the new Fabia, Škoda UK commissioned an advertising campaign called Cake, featuring the making of a Fabia car out of cake which swapped rivets for raisins, metal for marzipan and spark plugs for sugar.

China

introduced the new Fabia to the public at the 2008 Guangzhou Motor Show. It was launched in China for the 2009 model year.

India

launched the latest version of Fabia in 2008. The car was well praised by Indian motor magazines, but it couldn't live up to the hype created by the previous generation Octavia. Fabia has not succeeded in this market due to dealer problems, steep prices and Škoda trying to position itself as a luxury marque. Škoda India has decided to bring in more powerful engines at better prices and taken strict measures to improve dealer quality levels and curb excessive service costs.

Safety

Engines

The initial petrol engine lineup was a mixture of newer engines from Audi and some carry overs from the outgoing model. The base 1.2 remains the same while the higher powered version has its power output upped to. There was only a single 1.4 litre 16v petrol on this model, producing. The range topping petrol engine was the 1.6 16v engine producing . There was also an option to link this engine to a six speed tiptronic transmission sourced from Aisin.
Diesel engines consisted of the same and 1.4 TDI units from before. The range topping diesel was a 1.9 TDI producing.
The top-of-the-line VRS model features the same 1.4 litre engine as the Volkswagen Polo Mk5 GTI, producing and is fitted with a seven-speed DSG semi automatic transmission as standard. The VRS had its own version of the cake advertisement, with a darker rock version of "My Favorite Things".
Overview of engines available for the 2nd-generation Fabia, incl. facelifted model.
Petrol engines
Engine designationProductionEngine code Displacement, configuration, valvetrain, fuel system, aspirationMotive power at rpmmax. torque at rpmGearbox, driveTop speed0–100 km/h Combined consumption CO2
1.2 MPI 44 kW2006–20101198 ccm, I3, 6V, OHC, MPI, naturally aspirated44 kW at 5200 rpm108 Nm. at 3000 rpmm5-speed manual, FWD16.55.9 / 47.9 / 39.9140
1.2 MPI 44 kW2010–20141198 ccm, I3, 12V, DOHC, MPI, naturally aspirated44 kW at 5200 rpm108 Nm. at 3000 rpm5-speed manual, FWD16.55.5 / 51.4 / 42.8128
1.2 MPI 51 kW2007–2014BZG 1198 ccm, I3, 12V, OHC, MPI, naturally aspirated51 kW at 5400 rpm112 Nm. at 30005-speed manual, FWD14.95.5 / 51.4 / 42.8128
1.2 TSI 63 kW2010–2014CBZA 1197 ccm, I4, 8V, OHC, TSI, turbocharged63 kW at 4800 rpm160 Nm. at 1500–3500 rpm5-speed manual, FWD11.75.2 / 54.3 / 45.2121
1.2 TSI 77 kW2010–2014CBZB 1197 ccm, I4, 8V, OHC, TSI, turbocharged77 kW at 5000 rpm175 Nm. at 1500–41005-speed manual, FWD10.15.3 / 53.3 / 44.4124
1.2 TSI 77 kW2010–2014CBZB 1197 ccm, I4, 8V, OHC, TSI, turbocharged77 kW at 5000 rpm175 Nm. at 1500–41007-speed automatic, FWD10.25.3 / 53.3 / 44.4124
1.4 MPI 63 kW2007–20141390 ccm, I4, 16V, DOHC, MPI, naturally aspirated63 kW at 5000 rpm132 Nm. at 3800 rpm5-speed manual, FWD12.25.9 / 47.9 / 39.9139
1.4 MPI 63 kW 2008–1390 ccm, I4, 16V, DOHC, MPI, naturally aspirated63 kW at 5000 rpm132 Nm. at 3750 rpm5-speed manual, FWD12.56.4 / 44.1 / 36.7N/A
1.4 MPI 63 kW 2008–1390 ccm, I4, 16V, DOHC, MPI, naturally aspirated63 kW at 5000 rpm132 Nm. at 3750 rpm6-speed automatic, FWD15.06.8 / 41.5 / 34.6N/A
1.4 TSI 132 kW 2010–2014CAVE 1390 ccm, I4, 16V, DOHC, TSI, twincharged132 kW at 6200 rpm250 Nm. at 2000–4500 rpm7-speed automatic, FWD7.36.2 / 45.6 / 37.9148
1.6 MPI 77 kW2007–20141598 ccm, I4, 16V, DOHC, MPI, naturally aspirated77 kW at 5600 rpm153 Nm. at 3800 rpm5-speed manual, FWD10.46.9 / 40.9 / 34.1217
1.6 MPI 77 kW2007–20141598 ccm, I4, 16V, DOHC, MPI, naturally aspirated77 kW at 5600 rpm153 Nm. at 3800 rpm6-speed automatic FWD11.57.5 / 37.7 / 31.4180
1.6 MPI 77 kW 2008–1598 ccm, I4, 16V, DOHC, MPI, naturally aspirated77 kW at 5250 rpm155 Nm. at 3750 rpm5-speed manual, FWD11.06.4 / 44.1 / 36.7N/A
1.6 MPI 77 kW 2008–1598 ccm, I4, 16V, DOHC, MPI, naturally aspirated77 kW at 5250 rpm155 Nm. at 3750 rpm6-speed automatic, FWD12.47.2 / 39.2 / 32.7N/A



Diesel engines
Engine designationProductionEngine code Displacement, configuration, valvetrain, fuel system, aspirationMotive power at rpmmax. torque at rpmGearbox, driveTop speed0–100 km/h Combined consumption CO2
1.2 TDI CR 55 kW2010–20141199 ccm, I3, 12V, DOHC, common-rail, turbocharged55 kW at 4200 rpm180 Nm. at 2000 rpm5-speed manual, FWD14.23,8 / 74.3 / 61.999
1.2 TDI CR GreenLine 55 kW2010–20141199 ccm, I3, 12V, DOHC, common-rail, turbocharged55 kW at 4200 rpm180 Nm. at 2000 rpm5-speed manual, FWD14.23.4 / 83.1 / 69.288
1.4 TDI PD 51 kW2007–2010BNM 1422 ccm, I3, 6V, SOHC, Pumpe-Düse, turbocharged51 kW at 4000 rpm155 Nm. at 1600–2800 rpm5-speed manual, FWD14.84.8 / 58.9 / 49.0127
1.4 TDI PD 59 kW2007–2010BNV 1422 ccm, I3, 6V, SOHC, Pumpe-Düse, turbocharged59 kW at 4000 rpm195 Nm. at 2200 rpm5-speed manual, FWD13.24.6 / 61.4 / 51.1120
1.4 TDI DPF GreenLine 59 kW2008–2010BNV 1442 ccm, I3, 6V, SOHC, Pumpe-Düse, turbocharged59 kW at 4000 rpm195 Nm. at 2200 rpm5-speed manual, FWD13.24.1 / 68.9 / 57.4109
1.6 TDI CR DPF 55 kW2010–2014CAYA 1598 ccm, I4, 16V, DOHC, common-rail, turbocharged55 kW at 4000 rpm195 Nm. at 1500–2000 rpm5-speed manual, FWD14.14.2 / 67.3 / 56.0109
1.6 TDI CR DPF 66 kW2010–2014CAYB 1598 ccm, I4, 16V, DOHC, common-rail, turbocharged66 kW at 4200 rpm230 Nm. at 1500–2500 rpm5-speed manual, FWD12.64.2 / 67.3 / 56.0109
1.6 TDI CR DPF 77 kW2010–2014CAYC 1598 ccm, I4, 16V, DOHC, common-rail, turbocharged77 kW at 4400 rpm250 Nm. at 1500–2500 rpm5-speed manual, FWD10.94.2 / 67.3 / 56.0109
1.9 TDI PD 77 kW2007–2010BSW 1896 ccm, I4, 8V SOHC, Pumpe-Düse, turbocharged77 kW at 4000 rpm240 Nm. at 1900 rpm5-speed manual, FWD10.85.0 / 56.5 / 47.0130

Related models

The Škoda Roomster is a multi-purpose vehicle, also available as a panel van, that is based on the same platform and that also features the same front end design.
In 2011, the Škoda Rapid was launched in India, a four-door sedan car featuring the same front end design as the second generation Fabia, but based instead on the newer PQ25 platform. It is related with the 2010 Volkswagen Vento, also developed in India, which is essentially a three-box version of the Volkswagen Polo Mk5. It is produced by Škoda India exclusively for the Indian market. It also has a slightly different interior.

Motorsport

The Motorsport division of Škoda AUTO builds Škoda Fabia Super 2000 rally car. Since its debut in 2009, the Fabia Super 2000 won 14 international titles and 22 national championships. Lars Larsson won the FIA European Rallycross Championship in 2007. Sergey Zagumennov did the same in 2014

Third generation (''Typ ''NJ; 2015–present)

The third generation Fabia was introduced at the Paris Motor Show in October 2014, with sales starting in the following month. Production was launched prior to the end of August 2014 in Mladá Boleslav, with manufacturing of the estate version first occurring in December 2014. Due to the low sales of RS models from the previous model generation, a hot hatch variant is not planned for production.
The Mk3 Fabia - like the facelifted Mk5 Volkswagen Polo starting 2014 - underwent a major technical revision, being based on the PQ26 platform: a mixture of the PQ25 platform and the MQB platform, which is currently used by seven Volkswagen Group models. The chassis has been modified to "revert back to the Fabia’s original, first-generation design" by becoming 90 mm wider and 30 mm lower, resulting in more interior and boot space. Despite being 8 mm shorter, the Mk3 Fabia still offers more passenger room due to its extended wheelbase. Simultaneously, its weight has been reduced by. A similar approach was applied to the styling, according to Škoda designer Marko Jevtic: "It has the qualities of the first Fabia, We wanted its simplicity; we did not want to overload the design."
The Mk3 Fabia won the "Overall winner" and "Best small car" categories of the 2015 What Car? Car of the Year awards.

Safety

The 3rd generation Fabia now comes equipped with the Front assist safety system. It gathers data from a radar sensor to automatically warn the driver and apply the brakes at the possibility of a collision at certain speeds.

Engines

The powertrain selection for the Mk3 Fabia was borrowed from the current Mk5 Polo, although the missing 1.2 litre TDI engine was slated to be included in the fuel economy-oriented Greenline model that was due for release in late 2015. Instead, the Greenline name was dropped, in favour of using the TDI nameplate, and a newer inline-three 1.4 litre engine was put to use in the Diesel model instead, with two different levels of power output available. The 1.2 litre inline-three petrol engines from the Mk2 model were replaced by smaller but more efficient 1.0 litre engines, introduced from June 2017.
Engine designationProductionEngine code Displacement, configuration, valvetrain, fuel system, aspirationMotive power at rpmmax. torque at rpmGearbox, driveTop speed0–100 km/h Combined consumption CO2
1.0 MPI10/2014–CHYA I3, 12V DOHC belt driven, manifold injection, natural aspiration@5000–6000@3000–43005-speed manual, FWD15,7 s4.7 l / 60 / 50106 g/km
1.0 MPI10/2014–CHYB I3, 12V DOHC belt driven, manifold injection, natural aspiration@6200@3000–43005-speed manual, FWD14,7 s4.8 l / 58.85 / 49108 g/km
1.2 TSI10/2014–6/2017CJZC , I4, 16V DOHC belt driven, direct injection, turbocharged@4400–5400@1400–35005-speed manual, FWD10,9 s4.7 l / 60 / 50107 g/km
1.2 TSI10/2014–6/2017CJZD , I4, 16V DOHC belt driven, direct injection, turbocharged@4600–5600@1400–40006-speed manual, FWD9,4 s4.8 l / 58.85 / 49110 g/km
1.2 TSI10/2014–6/2017CJZD , I4, 16V DOHC belt driven, direct injection, turbocharged@4600–5600@1400–40007-speed automatic DSG, FWD9,4 s4.7 l / 60 / 50109 g/km
1.0 TSI6/2017-CHZB , I3, 12V DOHC belt driven, direct injection, turbocharged@5000–5500@1500–35005-speed manual, FWD, 10.6 s, 10.8 s 4.3 l / 65.7 / 54.799 g/km
1.0 TSI6/2017-CHZC , I3, 12V DOHC belt driven, direct injection, turbocharged@5000–5500@2000–35006-speed manual, FWD, 9.5 s, 9.6 s 4.4 l / 64.2 / 53.5103 g/km
1.0 TSI6/2017-CHZC , I3, 12V DOHC belt driven, direct injection, turbocharged@5000–5500@2000–35007-speed automatic DSG, FWD, 9.8 s4.5 l / 62.8 / 52.3106 g/km

Engine designationProductionEngine code Displacement, configuration, valvetrain, fuel system, aspirationMotive power at rpmmax. torque at rpmGearbox, driveTop speed0–100 km/h Combined consumption CO2
1.4 TDI10/2014–06/2017CUSB, I3, 12V DOHC belt driven, common rail, turbocharged@3000–3250@1750–25005-speed manual, FWD11.1 s3.4 l / 83.1 / 69.288 g/km
1.4 TDI10/2014–06/2017CUSB, I3, 12V DOHC belt driven, common rail, turbocharged@3000–3250@1750–25007-speed automatic DSG, FWD11.1 s3.6 l / 78.5 / 65.394 g/km
1.4 TDI10/2014–06/2017CUTA, I3, 12V DOHC belt driven, common rail, turbocharged@3500–3750@1750–25005-speed manual, FWD10.1 s3.5 l / 80.71 / 67.290 g/km

Facelift

The Mk3 Fabia and Fabia Combi were facelifted for the 2018 model year. The trim levels for the Fabia have been reorganised, with the S model continuing as the entry level trim level, with the Monte Carlo now being the range topping model, with the SE, the Colour Edition, and the SE L bridging the gap in between respectively. Revisions included a redesigned front-end, with a new wider grille and redesigned headlights, with the option of Full LED headlights now available. The rear of the car was also given a slight update with new bumper-mounted reflectors, and the option for Full LED rear lights, which are now included as standard on the range-topping Monte Carlo trim level. On the Interior of the car, the trim inserts and central transmission tunnel housing can now be customised with coloured trim.Also included on the interior of the vehicle, the Swing radio system on lower trim levels now includes a larger 6.5 inch display offered on the S model, with the SE model having the Swing Plus system included, with the 7 inch Amundsen system being offered on the SE and above.
In terms of engines, the Diesel engines have been removed from the line-up, which means the model range consists of petrol engines only. The 1.0 MPI is offered on the lower spec S and SE models, with the more powerful 1.0 TSI being offered on the SE model and above.

Motorsport

The Škoda Fabia R5 is a Group R rally version of the car and it has been competing in the European Rally Championship since the 2015 edition, as well as in the World Rally Championship-2, also since the 2015 edition.

Concept cars

The Funstar is a pick-up concept car based on the Mk3 Fabia. It was designed by Škoda Auto University students as a throwback to the Felicia Fun, a compact pick-up car produced during the 1990s. It was shown at the annual 2015 Wörthersee GTI fan meeting.
The exterior received a unique paint make-up, complemented with green day-running lights, 18-inch wheels from the Octavia RS and bonnet vents. The pick-up bed required the removal of the C-pillars, necessitating wider B-pillars and stiffened side panels to retain structural strength. The Funstar is powered by a 1,2 litre TSI petrol engine, paired with a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission. A 1,8 litre engine was originally planned for use but could not be implemented due to its size.